Measuring Media Effectiveness in Bangladesh Essay

The media comprises essentially of TV, radio, press, web and film. This tremendous measure of cash is spent on promoting fundamentally to create:Advertising/Total Brand Awareness: Consumer has been acquainted with or reminded about the Brand Familiarity: Consumer perceives explicit brand names Brand Imagery: Consumer concurs with positive credits explicit to singular brands Purchase Intent: Consumer expects to buy the brand So, as a major measure of cash is related to the media, the advertisers endeavor o know how valuable these media will be in accomplishing these objectives. Advertisers have gotten progressively mindful of the ramifications of a changing media scene. For instance, proceeding with media discontinuity implies that a progressively mind boggling cluster of media plans are conceivable. Given that a few media plans will be considerably more effective than others at connecting with shoppers and conveying promoting benefit, advertisers need to realize how to expand the cha nces of finding the ideal media blend to make showcasing progress. 1. 1 Motivation and Rationale of Study Individuals from various segment bunches are presented to media in various manners. And furthermore not every person is presented to all the media. So it is significant for the advertiser to know which media will be suitable to arrive at his objective market and when and how that media ought to be utilized. The advertiser needs to know how compelling will a media be to accomplish the promoting objectives. There are a few Medias like TV, press, radio, web and film and subsequently the advertiser has to know which media will draw out the best result from his notices. In such a case that the advertiser can't arrive at the objective market with the chose media, the dispensed spending will be squandered and the showcasing objectives won't be accomplished This exploration paper has attempted to take care of these issues of the advertiser by giving a thought regarding the media setting of Bangladesh. This examination clarifies how helpful the TV, radio, print and web media will be in creating:Advertising/Total Brand Awareness: Consumer has been acquainted with or reminded about the Brand Familiarity: Consumer perceives explicit brand names Brand Imagery: Consumer concurs with positive ascribes explicit to singular brands Purchase Intent: Consumer plans to buy the brand 1. 2 Method of Study The technique utilized for this exploration was Personal in home review where the analyst by and by visited the respondents with the survey and asked and disclosed the inquiries to the respondents. So the respondent comprehends the inquiries obviously and can think before they answer. An example size of 100 was chosen through advantageous inspecting strategy yet in addition exceptional consideration has been taken about keeping up a reasonable blend of various age gatherings and sexes to get a fair outcome. As this examination just endeavors to gauge the media adequacy, so the accompanying 2 presumptions/speculation are made:1. All media are similarly costly 2. All notices are of equivalent quality These two suppositions are made to take out the blunders in estimating the media viability. In such a case that these two suppositions are acknowledged then the accomplishment of the promotion will exclusively rely upon which media was utilized. 1. 3 Overall Objective The general target of this examination paper is to quantify the adequacy of media in Bangladesh by discovering the impact of every media on accomplishing the showcasing objectives.

Gibe, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive

Sneer, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive Sneer, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive Sneer, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive By Maeve Maddox The action words sneer, gybe, correspond and jive all start with the sound [j] and are frequently confounded. sneer (action word): to insult, to affront. Model: â€Å"If he snickered rather than cried when someoneâ gibedâ at him, regularly theâ teasing stopped.†Ã¢ scoff (thing): a jeering remark, an insult. Model: â€Å"The teasing, taunts,â gibesâ and pernicious acts are a piece of me still.† gybe (action word): (cruising term) to move out of nowhere and with power from one side to the next when a boat is controlled off the breeze until the sail fills on the contrary side. Elective spelling: correspond. Models: â€Å"As Phil slipped over the edge, theâ boom gybed.† â€Å"A whirlwind got theirâ sail, theâ boom corresponded, about thumping Mr. Snider overboard.† correspond (action word): to bode well, to concur with, to fit in. Model: â€Å"The most recent research discoveries correspond with those recorded in 1934.† The thing jive has these three implications: 1. a sort of quick, vivacious jazz Weve been needing toâ play Jiveâ since the band originally began. 2. enthusiastic and uninhibited moving. He doesnt very bob around like an elastic band during his jive, however does sufficient to indent a 7-7-7. 3. talk or discussion, particularly talk that is bogus, deceiving, or useless. It’s time to cut the jive and come clean. As an action word, jive can intend to play exuberant music or to move to energetic music. Model: They dispersed each other around four feet separated andâ were jivingâ to the music. The action word jive can likewise mean, â€Å"to delude or deceive.† Perhaps the narcsâ were jivingâ him, maybeâ they wereâ going to shoot him in the back. I scanned his eyes for some piece of information thatâ he was jiving me. He wasnt.â The most widely recognized mistakes with these words are to spell sneer as correspond and to utilize jive in the feeling of agree. Here are a few instances of abuse from the Web: Off base: Arizona Prison Privatization Proposal Doesnt Jive with Market Right : Arizona Prison Privatization Proposal Doesnt Jibe with Market Incorrect: But my opinionâ about thatâ doesnt jiveâ with everybody elses opinion.â Right : But my opinionâ about thatâ doesnt agree with everybody elses opinion.â Off base: If your youngster is throwing his own sillyâ jibes atâ the mystery, at that point its a shared thing. Right : If your youngster is flinging his own sillyâ gibes atâ the mystery, at that point its a common thing. Mistaken: Put-downs, slurs, corresponds, and insinuation of various sorts are rarely purposeless or innocuous. Right : Put-downs, slurs, scoffs, and insinuation of assorted types are rarely purposeless or innocuous. The Oxford English Dictionary approves the nonstandard utilization of jive in the feeling of agree as â€Å"U.S.† use, however Merriam-Webster Unabridged (infamous for its inclination to grasp a wide range of sketchy use) doesn't. The main definition M-W offers for agree is â€Å"to be in accord.† Its solitary definitions for the action word jive are identified with music, misdirecting talk, and prodding. Two other much-refered to American specialists are mindful so as to recognize sneer and agree: The Chicago Manual of Style A scoff is a gnawing affront or insult; sneers are metaphorically tossed at their objective â€Å"The furious group flung sneers as the suspect was driven into the courthouse.† Jibe intends to fit, typically with refutation â€Å"The decision didn’t agree with the judge’s own perspective on the facts.† The AP Stylebook To scoff intends to insult or jeer: â€Å"They sneered him about his mistakes.† Agree intends to move bearing: â€Å"They corresponded their boat over the wind.† or then again, conversationally, to concur: â€Å"Their stories didn’t jibe.† Rundown The cruising term might be spelled either gybe or agree. The last is progressively basic in US utilization. The action word that implies â€Å"to agree† or â€Å"to fit† is spelled correspond. The thing and action word that pass on insulting are spelled sneer. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Based in and based out ofBest Websites to Learn EnglishDrama versus Drama

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 10th, 2017

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The Monkey King Character Changes - 1326 Words

20 September 2016 Mr. Ainscough Grade 10 English 2A Monkey King Character Changes â€Å"Character isn’t something that you were born with and can’t change†¦ [Character is] something you must take responsibility in forming,† said famous author Jim Rohn. This is shown in American Born Chinese, written by Gene Luen Yang, with the Monkey King. The Monkey King shows his true malleability as a character as he has drastic personality changes throughout the course of the book. It is always unpredictable to how he will act next in the story as he is easily influenced by others, for better and for worse. This dynamic character changes from being a content character with high self-esteem, to a depressed and negative character, but eventually ends with an appropriate view of himself. The Monkey King starts off this book with a high self-esteem of who he is and his importance in the world. This is clear on the fourth panel on page 9. You can tell that he views himself as an important monkey through some of the techniques used by the author. One technique he uses is word choice. The text in the narrator block says, â€Å"He established his kingdom and monkeys from the four corners of the world flocked to him.† The author effectively used this narrator block to show how the monkey thought he was important in this world by using powerful words such as ‘kingdom’ and ‘flocked’ to prove his point and then bolding them to highlight their importance to the story. The word ‘kingdom’ emphasizes his powerShow MoreRelatedThe Double Meaning Of A Fairy Tale Or Myth895 Words   |  4 Pagessubtle differences in word-picture combinations. In American Born Chinese, the characters Jin Wang and the Monkey King struggle to be content with who they are and battle external and internal prejudices; however, on a deeper level it teaches us about standing up for our principles, self acceptance, and forgiveness to paint a portrait of how the author views God. First, in American Born Chinese, the author uses the main character Jin Wang to emphasize the theme of accepting ourselves for who we are. JinRead MoreJungle Monkeys Essays1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe monkeys of Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book are a very unique group of characters. They are viewed by the other animals of the jungle, or the Jungle People as they call themselves, as outcasts and outlaws. The most prominent chapter they occur in, â€Å"Kaa’s Hunting†, shows their lawless, shiftless, and uncivilized way of life. This image in itself does not give off any racist undertone. However, Disney’s adaption of The Jungle Book carries this view of the monkeys, while also giving them strongRead MoreMonkey And Tartuffe : Plot Twist1402 Words   |  6 PagesWhen comparing and contrasting, these two pieces of literary work, Monkey and Tartuffe, it is important to assert that while the authors of both these work decided to use surprise ending styles, th eir techniques could not be more different. The novel Monkey ends using the plot twist mechanism of Anagnorisis, while Tartuffe employs the plot twist mechanism Deux Ex Machina. Not only is it consequential to highlight the two novel’s unique differences, but also to highlight the two novel’s similaritiesRead MoreTartuffe: Truth and Religious Teachings Essay893 Words   |  4 Pagesand few men have the gift of being able to see through an appearance. In Tartuffe and Monkey, appearances are far from reality in many instances. Even though both texts were written in different milieus both societies focus strongly on religion and material value. Both characters are deceived by power, desires and the need to prove themselves. Spiritually is used to enlighten and religious teachings help Monkey to see the truth.   However, Orgon needs to trust his senses because spirituality is usedRead More Monkey, the Novel Essay532 Words   |  3 PagesMonkey, the Novel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monkey is created by the author as an individual entity that resembles the characteristic of an ordinary human being. It is quite obvious that the audience would better understand the idea hidden in the literature if the characteristics of the protagonist are closely related to those of the reader. In Monkey , the author carefully parallels the traits of Monkey to the lives of human beings. Then why does the author portray so much resemblance between Monkey andRead MoreMonkey Is A Classic 18th Century Chinese Folk Tale1237 Words   |  5 Pagesinspire the imagination and display a prevalent theme in an interactive and approachable manner. Monkey is a classic 16th century Chinese folk tale novel that mixes allegory, history, and satire into a chaotic but however meaningful adventure. As a combination of being a picaresque novel and a fold tale epic, magical realism is evident and plays a big role in the story. The allegorical nature of the characters and the anti- bureaucratic satire makes the novel more alluring and thus has made the story moreRead MoreAn Analysis of Henry Gates Jr. and â€Å"the Signifying Monkey†1505 Words   |  7 PagesMidterm Essay An Analysis of Henry Gates Jr. and â€Å"The Signifying Monkey† It is certain that when you are exposed to an author’s work you want to categorize that author into a certain group. Perhaps this practice of categorizing a composer can help the reader understand the piece of literature. Henry Gates has helped understand and criticize many African American Literature authors that are exposed through the canon in secondary English Education. As a teacher, it is essential to introduce PostcolonialismRead MoreSelf-Discovery2530 Words   |  11 PagesThroughout one’s lifetime changes in a person’s views toward life are inevitable. Those changes can be seen as either positive or negative based on the experiences a person goes through. Some changes are seen as internal while others are seen as external. For instance, in Monkey by Wu Cheng-en and Candide by Francois-Marie Arouet De Voltaire, both authors are using their characters to portray self-discovery by having them go through a series of obstacles. As a result the characters ch anged their attitudeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Tripmaster Monkey By Maxine Kingston1283 Words   |  6 Pages In Tripmaster Monkey by Maxine Kingston, the main character Wittman is a highly educated artist who searches to find a way to simultaneously express himself as an artist and fit within a community. When we meet him, he has not yet discovered how to express his art in a way that is acceptable either to the Chinese American or American communities. He is a fourth generation Chinese American who finds himself marginalized by the American community because he is viewed as Chinese, but he is also notRead MoreJourney Of The West Is A Chinese Novel By China And Taiwan s Education System1574 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessfully adapted into various forms of media and is often a required read in both China and Taiwan’s education system. What makes Journey to the West stand out and emerge as the most popular literature out of the four is due to the main character, Sun Wuk ong or the Monkey King’s immense cultural impact. In fact, Sun Wukong’s immense popularity has such a colossal cultural impact that spans over multiple countries and media platforms, the mythical figure has since become an integral factor that arouses

Parenthood Should Continue Funding Planned Parenthood

Defunded Parenthood Congress has sparked a debate as to whether or not the government should continue funding Planned Parenthood. Too many people are uneducated about the many services Planned Parenthood offers to those who would not be able to afford it otherwise. The debate began after a heavily edited video was released accusing Planned Parenthood of selling fetal organs for a profit. The selling of any body part is against federal law. CNN released an article confirming to the public that it was indeed an edited video by inputting the original and comparing it to the altered one. Planned Parenthood does donate tissue, but only for scientific research, and solely acquires reimbursement for the expenses. Planned Parenthood is a nonprofit organization. There is a common misconception that Planned Parenthood is a center for abortions, and that’s it. Only three percent of Planned Parenthood’s services relate to abortions. Planned Parenthood receives $500 million in feder al funding and it is illegal to spend any of that money on abortion services. Planned Parenthood provides reproductive health care, and vital sex information to teens, woman, and men nationwide. Planned Parenthood is the world’s largest provider of sex education. It offers contraception (birth control, condoms), STD testings and treatment, health care information, all for free or an affordable price, and is easy to access. If the government decides to defund the organization entirely, it would primarilyShow MoreRelatedShould The Federal Government Continue Funding Planned Parenthood?1501 Words   |  7 PagesShould the Federal Government continue funding Planned Parenthood? Planned Parenthood is an organization that has been around since at least 1921. Recently, it has been in the limelight due to the on-going Presidential debates leading up to the 2016 election. It appears that the Republicans want to take away all federal funding to shut down the clinics where as the democrats believe that the republicans are misguided in their claims. The â€Å"Planned Parenthood Federation of America† is a non profitRead MoreShould The Government Defund Planned Parenthood?1693 Words   |  7 PagesShould the Government Defund Planned Parenthood? About a century ago, a small birth-control clinic was opened by Margaret Sanger in Brooklyn, New York. Women and families travelled to this clinic to learn about contraceptives and the perils of self-administered abortions. This was unheard of at the time, to teach a woman how to stop pregnancy in a world where the highest aspiration of a woman was supposed to become a mother. However, very soon after this clinic opened, Sanger was put incarceratedRead MorePlanned Parenthood1299 Words   |  6 PagesPlanned Parenthood Planned Parenthood federation of America (PPFA), better known as Planned Parenthood, is a non-profit organization that provides healthcare and family planning services. Planned Parenthood is the nations leading sexual and reproductive health care provider and advocate (Planned). Planned Parenthood receives federal funding to help practice the services they provide, but some groups believe that funding this organization is morally wrong. Critics of Planned Parenthood say theRead MorePersuasive Essay On Planned Parenthood1216 Words   |  5 Pages Planned Parenthood was founded on the revolutionary idea that women should have the information and care they need to live strong, healthy lives and fulfill their dreams — no ceilings, no limits (Planned Parenthood). With over 600 health centers, the people of Planned Parenthood have dedicated themselves to keep women informed, healthy, and educated in sexual education, and sexual health (Planned Parenthood). While all seemingly good intentions, Planned Parenthood has been A topic of controversyRead MoreThe Supreme Court Case Roe V. Wade1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthen, 23 cases on women’s reproductive rights have been through the Supreme Court, five of which have directly involved Planned Parenthood as the petitioner or respondent. Each of these has posed some threat to Planned Parenthood’s ability to provide abortion and have had the potential to deal a serious blow to women’s reproductive rights as whole. Nonetheless, Planned Parenthood has persevered and retained their ability to provide a full range of reproductive services to women. However, the politicalRead MoreExamining the Issue of Planned Parenthood between Republicans and Democrats959 Words   |  4 Pagesnearly shut down because the Democrats and Republicans were struggling to agree upon, among other issues, what to do with Planned Parenthood. The Republicans wanted to stop federal funding for Planned Parenthood, which clearly shows â€Å"that they simply don’t care about the health and safety of American women (Planned Parenthood).† The Democrats strongly support Planned Parenthood and were not willing to accept the Republican’s proposal. However, the Republicans did not care whether a shut down couldRead MoreParenthood Is A Health Care Provider1730 Words   |  7 PagesPlanned Parenthood is a health care provider that focuses on supplying women and men of all ages and backgrounds with health care and sex education. This includes, but is not limited to, contraception, testing and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, screenings for cancers, sexual education courses, and, most notably, abortions. Planned Parenthood finds itself at the center of much controversy specifically for its role in terminating pregnancies, as well as providing students with sex educationRead MoreFunding Of Planned Parenthood And The Services1184 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"pros† or â€Å"argu ments for† that position? The topic I chose to research was the funding of Planned Parenthood, and the services they provide. One of the positions on this topic was to defund Planned Parenthood. The article, by Sarah Torre, Congress Should End Federal Funding to Planned Parenthood and Redirect It Toward Other Health Care Options discusses the idea that PP should not receive any government funding to its clinics. A main argument established by Torre is that the flow of federal taxRead MoreParenthood Is Affordable, The United States Department Of Health, Education, And Welfare1025 Words   |  5 PagesMany men and women in America don’t have insurance or simply cannot afford health care. Planned Parenthood does have professional doctors who specialized in many reproductive health services. Planned Parenthood is affordable, the program takes a patient whether they have insurance or not, not only that, they charge you by how much income you make. Low income Americans have access to these services too. â⠂¬Å"The United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, for example, created a federalRead MorePlanned Parenthood : Parenthood, Family Planning, And Reproductive Problems1020 Words   |  5 PagesAs you may have heard, Planned Parenthood is what the government officials are talking about recently. The Republicans want to take away the government funding for Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood is an organization that does scientific research and offers advice on contraception, family planning, and reproductive problems. Currently, the government funds the organization with the tax payer’s dollars. (Planned Parenthood at a Glance, 2014.) I am going to explain the history of the problem,

Formal and Informal Communication an Organizational Approach Free Essays

Formal and Informal Communication: An Organizational Approach By: Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number: 43005860 Faculty of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 Abstract This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and informal communication and its usage in organizational approach. Although both formal and informal communication support the well-Â ­being of organizations, studies suggest that informal communication has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived many benefits and many challenges. Managers should know how to deal ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the company and overcome the obstacles it might create. We will write a custom essay sample on Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many researches have studied and given results on this matter and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in life, from personal to professional issues. It is inevitable that it supports the flow of social life and company’s workflow. It has been taking an important role in organizations; therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational communication. It is believed that both formal and informal communication affect rganization’s productivity (Litterst Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, informal communication is less controllable and unstructured. Informal communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 APPROACH Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational performance, managers should be able to manage t he flow of not only formal, but also informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving within the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most effective use of every resource available and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealing with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to convey messages through different channels, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links people together and creates relationship. In order to create a successful communication, t requires three elements; they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understanding so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by Gamble and Gamble (2002), communication is the transfer of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, channels, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an exchange of information. Ruben Stewart (2006) also stated that success in one’s career may well depend on communication. Not only in the individual performance, communication also determines organization’s performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. Upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow of communication within the same level of company, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in another division. The types of formal communication within an organization that are commonly used are meetings, conference, phone calls, company bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can find similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, casual and spread through word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individuals and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011). There are four flows in communication networks; the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is gossip hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probabili ty chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to someone else and the fourth one is the cluster chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine: it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-Â ­? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Flexibility Degree of control Evidence Discipline Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary proof is not followed formal chan nels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline Flow of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987), differentiation of labor and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Meanwhile, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH Speed Secrecy Rumor Distortion Time Misunderstanding Cost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive Very low Very fast Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted Less time occur Less expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstanding may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives: salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving company’s mission. However, in terms of cultural means, formal communication is perceived as a more appropriate way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and pre ferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company employed more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this company’s existence. However, this company concerns about its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth on the culture of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to working for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research of Andrea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral water and soft drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-Â ­? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its competitor was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnover was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the process of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is tracing the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communication improved over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested t hat formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on various objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be concluded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communicati on can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good values of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C Romando, P 2011, ‘Case study: understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integration’, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-Â ­? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, ‘Formal and informal communication channels in creating How to cite Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach, Essay examples

Formal and Informal Communication an Organizational Approach Free Essays

Formal and Informal Communication: An Organizational Approach By: Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number: 43005860 Faculty of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 Abstract This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and informal communication and its usage in organizational approach. Although both formal and informal communication support the well-Â ­being of organizations, studies suggest that informal communication has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived many benefits and many challenges. Managers should know how to deal ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the company and overcome the obstacles it might create. We will write a custom essay sample on Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many researches have studied and given results on this matter and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in life, from personal to professional issues. It is inevitable that it supports the flow of social life and company’s workflow. It has been taking an important role in organizations; therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational communication. It is believed that both formal and informal communication affect rganization’s productivity (Litterst Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, informal communication is less controllable and unstructured. Informal communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 APPROACH Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational performance, managers should be able to manage t he flow of not only formal, but also informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving within the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most effective use of every resource available and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealing with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to convey messages through different channels, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links people together and creates relationship. In order to create a successful communication, t requires three elements; they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understanding so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by Gamble and Gamble (2002), communication is the transfer of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, channels, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an exchange of information. Ruben Stewart (2006) also stated that success in one’s career may well depend on communication. Not only in the individual performance, communication also determines organization’s performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. Upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow of communication within the same level of company, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in another division. The types of formal communication within an organization that are commonly used are meetings, conference, phone calls, company bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can find similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, casual and spread through word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individuals and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011). There are four flows in communication networks; the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is gossip hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probabili ty chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to someone else and the fourth one is the cluster chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine: it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-Â ­? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Flexibility Degree of control Evidence Discipline Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary proof is not followed formal chan nels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline Flow of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987), differentiation of labor and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Meanwhile, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH Speed Secrecy Rumor Distortion Time Misunderstanding Cost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive Very low Very fast Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted Less time occur Less expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstanding may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives: salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving company’s mission. However, in terms of cultural means, formal communication is perceived as a more appropriate way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and pre ferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company employed more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this company’s existence. However, this company concerns about its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth on the culture of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to working for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research of Andrea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral water and soft drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-Â ­? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its competitor was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnover was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the process of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is tracing the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communication improved over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested t hat formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on various objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be concluded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communicati on can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good values of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C Romando, P 2011, ‘Case study: understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integration’, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-Â ­? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, ‘Formal and informal communication channels in creating How to cite Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach, Essay examples