The Immigrant Advantage By Claudia Kolker - 878 Words

In Claudia Kolker’s book The Immigrant Advantage, she talks about the cultural tradition of arranged marriages brought by South Asian immigrants to the United States. Kolker agrues that arranged marriages are much more effective in finding a spouse than traditional marriages. Kolker believes that this tradition of assistive marriage should be adopted by Americans. Research and studies have shown that â€Å"women in arranged marriages rated the highest marital status† (Kolker, 71) compared to couples who have arranged marriages. Arranged marriage is great for individuals who are ready to settle down and start their own life without wasting any time finding a partner. Arranged marriage saves a great amount of time on dating people who are not compatible with your personality or beliefs. As Kolker states, assistive marriage does not just save time in finding a lifelong partner but, it also leads to exceptional happiness between the couple than a traditional marriage repo rted by couples during studies. Traditions brought by immigrants such as, assistive marriage should be considered by American traditions. Those individuals who are proposed of the idea of arranged marriage ask the question â€Å"whether a parent can be trusted to find the right partner for a child† (Kolker, 62). These days parents and children argue about almost every single topic let alone finding a spouse for them. It sounds weird when a mother looks for brides for her grown son. But, marriage â€Å"as we understand it,Show MoreRelatedThe Immigrant Advantage By Claudia Kolker849 Words   |  4 Pages I have read a lot of books on the subject of culture and customs of the country. When I read the book â€Å"The Immigrant Advantage† of Claudia Kolker, I understand more about the immigrants’ culture and their lifestyle. Through the book, I found interesting things about all the ideas of immigrants like me. I read each chapter of the book, and in the book I real ized there are three very good ideas of marriage, several generations living in the same household, and good neighbors. The marriage is oneRead MoreThe Immigrant Advantage By Claudia Kolker928 Words   |  4 PagesShajuana Williams Professor: Blake Ellis Book Review 2: The Immigrant Advantage There are many questions arises when it comes to the way different cultures manage everyday life. In the book, The Immigrant Advantage by Claudia Kolker, gives us some explanations on their survival techniques. This book can help some Americans like me; live a healthy, happy and hopeful lifestyle. The Author suggests that some of us Americans can learn a few tips on immigration living. To support her informationRead MoreThe Immigrant Advantage : What We Can Learn From Immigrants1424 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The Immigrant Advantage: What We Can Learn from Newcomers to America about Health, Happiness, and Hope† Book Review Interested by the success of several immigrant friends, journalist Claudia Kolker observed various customs of the immigrants and their families, which they brought along with them to the United States. She put together her observations in her book â€Å"The Immigrant Advantage: What We Can Learn from Newcomers to America about Health, Happiness, and Hope,† which gives a detailed accountRead MoreThe Immigrant Advantage : What Rest Of America Can Learn From The Fresh Immigrants1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Immigrant Advantage: What Rest of America can learn from the fresh Immigrants. Cultures for Longer and Happier lives Inspired by her culturally diverse life in Houston, award winning journalist and author Claudia Kolker investigates the attitudes and traditions towards education, hard work and health that have been imported into the United States by immigrants from different nations. She addresses the fact that natives to the United States have so much to learn from foreigners and that theyRead MorePersuasive Essay : Assisted Marriage2451 Words   |  10 Pagesmethod which would work very well, because it involves the same metrics based efficiency as a dating service with the personal warmth and consideration of a person’s own parents. In her book, The Immigrant Advantage: What We Can Learn from Newcomers to America about Health, Happiness, and Hope, Claudia Kolker explains how the practice has evolved from an impersonal and cold practicality to a much more modern day sensibility, using one of the most western of values, metrics. The new hybrid form of arranged

Informative Speech On Business Culture Essay - 963 Words

Informative Speech Outline Template Name: Antonin Farhi Cilange *Topic: How an American could do business in China *General Purpose: To inform *Specific Purpose: After listening to my speech, my audience members will know more about the business practice in China. What you need to know to do business in China Introduction I. Attention Getter: Has anyone ever wanted to do business in China. II. Thesis Statement: Today, I will share with you the importance of the business culture in china III. Qualifications: I have always been interested in doing business in China, and before I do so, I thoroughly researched the business culture in China IV. Preview your main points: I will begin by telling you a little bit about business culture in China, then I will discuss how to manage international business in China as a foreigner, and lastly I will tell you about Chinese unique communication behaviors. Transition statement: Let me begin with a general overview of China’s geopolitics situation. Body I. General information about China. A. â€Å"According to the 2007 Worldmark Encyclopedia of Nations, in the section â€Å"Location, Size, and Extent, The People s Republic of China (PRC), the third-largest country in the world after the former USSR and Canada and the largest nation in Asia, claims an area of 3,705,406 sq mi, including Taiwan, which the PRC claims as a province; the major administrative divisions, excluding Taiwan and the offshore islands, cover 3,646,448 sq mi. 1.Show MoreRelatedThe Type Of Speech : An Informative Speech1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe type of speech: An informative speech. The topic: An informative speech on the importance of diverse children’s literature and the relation of diverse children’s literature and youth literacy. My company: I am an employee at a children’s literature publishing company that is looking to branch out into the international/global market. Speech title: The Importance of Diverse Children s Literature THESIS STATEMENT Fostering a love of reading at a young age is important. Childhood literacy isRead MoreThe Importance Of Professional Development842 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization for which I work. My speech is about professional development is informative in its purpose. It is imperative to develop professional development strategies (Clark, 2016). This is a critical topic for our Saudi Arabian visitors. The United States and Saudi Arabia collaborate to structure thriving businesses and desire educated communities (U.S.-Saudi Arabian Business Council, 2015). Cultural Sensitivity Saudi Arabia is a strictly religious and male dominated culture. Since I am a female I, wouldRead MoreHighlighting the Issue of Neo-Colonialism through Media and Literature1431 Words   |  6 Pagesvividly displayed. This represents what could have been for the South Americans. 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Wilson, M. L.Read MoreNonverbal Communication And Nonverbal Behavior1169 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the way it was presented , quality of the message 3. Culture is defined as the set of values, beliefs, norms, customs, rules, and codes that leads people to define themselves as a distinct group, giving them a sense of commonality. We defined culture in class as a group of beliefs, ideas, norms, and behaviors. The two types of culture discussed in our textbook and in class are low context and high context. Low context culture is a culture that employs language to express ideas and direction clearlyRead MoreInformative Speech : Reading Body Language Essay791 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech Reading Body Language Introduction I. Fun fact, research shows that whatever we’re feeling shows up in our body first and only nanoseconds later it will enter our conscious mind. II. Today I am going to share with you some basics on reading body language. III. 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Cultural diversity is becoming moreRead MoreInformative Speech On Boba989 Words   |  4 PagesTrang Doan Informative Speech Jason Warren September 23, 2017 Bubble Tea General Purpose: to inform Specific Purpose Statement: At the end of my speech, I want people to understand what boba is and why is it getting popular I. Introduction A. Attention Grabber: Hilary Clinton’s first time trying boba in NY. Awkwardly fumbling with the drink, she drinks the sweet Taiwanese drink and describes it as â€Å"chewy tea† and â€Å"milky tea† B. Background Info: What is boba? 1. Invented sometimes in the 1980s inRead MoreOutline of a Kpop Informative Speech Essays1443 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿November 8, 2012 Outline of Informative Speech Kpop Invasion Topic: Korean pop General purpose: To inform†¦ Specific purpose: To inform about Kpop. Central idea: To inform my colleagues about Kpop. Kpop is more than ‘Oppa Gangnam Style’ that many have come to know. From music, it branched out to the other forms of media that becomes a part of pop culture and that of the new generation. Introduction Attention-getter: Play ‘Run by Tiger JK ft. Baby-T the Jungle. I wanted to play thisRead MoreInformative Speech About Fortune Cookies1217 Words   |  5 PagesKate Husted Com 115 H12 October 1, 2017 Informative Speech Preparation Outline General Purpose: The general purpose of this speech is to inform. Specific Purpose: The specific purpose of this speech is to inform my audience about fortune cookies. Central Idea: Today we will review the history of fortune cookies, explore how the fortunes themselves have evolved, and reveal a simple recipe for making them. Introduction Attention Grabber: According to Jennifer Lee’s January 2008 New York Times article

The Improving empathic communication skill - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the The Improving empathic communication skill. Answer: Introduction Communication is the process that conveys information from one entity or group to another. There are several barriers to communication such as lack of attention, cultural differences and many more that affect the quality of communication. Effective communication is thus the elimination of the barriers to communication so that the entire information is conveyed to the listener and no miscommunication takes place (Knapp, Vangelisti Caughlin, 2014). This type of communication principally comprises of verbal as well as active use of non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication can be utilized to express the emotional and the mental state of the speaker as well as the listener by using facial expressions and body language. This report consists of diagnosis and reflection of the different communication styles that would include verbal, non-verbal, active listening and assertiveness. A literature review and a suitable action plan would be provided that would suggest a timeline for co mmunication improvement. The purpose of this report is to analyse the effective communication skills and to identify the areas in communication that would require improvement through the effective use of the recommended action plan. Diagnosis and Reflection The scale of effective communication can be measured using five diagnostic tools. Here, I have measured my own communication skills and developed an effective understanding of the diagnostic tools. Self-Perceived Communication Competence Scale: This tool can be used to identify the level of communication competence when I am taking to my friends, acquaintances or strangers (Shahbaz et al., 2016). I feel highly secured while communicating with my friends whether it is small or large group. I am highly motivated and competent while sharing my information with them. I am very upfront and assertive in stating my opinions to my friends (Chung Leung, 2016). Listening to their opinions is also very satisfying as I have known them for a long time and I know that their source of knowledge is authentic. I am averagely competent while talking to any acquaintance from my workplace. Being a little defensive while communicating with them is always beneficial as I have little to no idea about their thought process. Communicating with only one person or a small group of workplace acquaintances is generally good for information sharing (Li, 2014). I prefer individuals or small groups to talk a t my workplace to as the conversation often leads to rich quality information sharing. Large group meetings of acquaintances are not preferred by me as most of the discussion is only for merriment and not work related. I very assertive while taking to individuals or when I am communicating in a small group. However, I am not assertive during my conversations with a large group of acquaintances. Having a conversation with a stranger has never been my speciality. I do not share much details about myself while having a conversation with them. My body language is extremely defensive, I am a moderately active listener and I do not show any assertiveness. Personal Report of Intercultural Communication Apprehension: This diagnostic tool helped me to identify my communication skill while communicating people from different cultural backgrounds (Neuliep, 2017). Identifying the flaws and backlogs in this domain of communication is vital as I will have to work with different people in my team, many of them might be from other countries. Such a situation would mean that I would have to be comfortable working with them by effectively communicating with them. I have analysed, by using this tool that I am very comfortable while communicating with people from different cultural backgrounds. I tend to read foreign books related to cultural practices followed around the world (Jandt, 2017). Thus, I am not all nervous while communicating with them. I face no such fear while I am speaking to them. I am very eager to learn about the practices of different cultures. Drawing reference from such cultures helps me in successfully planning my life and de velop an idea on what life is about. Hence, such conversations feel me up with confidence and I enjoy such spending time with those people rather than spending time on social media. My team consists of people from different work cultures and working alongside them has helped me immensely to develop as a human being. During brainstorming sessions, when we need to create new ideas having people from different work cultures thus creates a pool of the most innovative ideas that we can utilize in our work (Meyer et al., 2014). Nonverbal Immediacy Scale-Self Report: This diagnostic tool aids in analysing my level of nonverbal communication skill. Nonverbal communication adds an additional effect to successful effective communication process (Burgoon, Guerrero Floyd, 2016). Visual aid has always been more helpful in delivering a successful message rather than a monotonous speech. Facial expressions and body language can be effectively used to communicate with the audience (Jack, Garrod Schyns, 2014). Sometimes the body language of the audience can also be used by the speaker to analyse their thinking process (Pease Pease 2016). I utilize different hand gestures to better communicate with them. I use voice intonation while taking as it helps to keep the audience captivated and interested to my speech (Elbert Dijkstra, 2014). A monotonous speech is dull to use and the audience generally losses interest on speaking in that manner (Nakai et al., 2014). I smile while talking to people. I maintain eye contact and lean forward during instances so that I could express my interest in the conversation that I am having (Jones et al., 2017). All of these demonstrates my confidence in communication. Showing confidence is of vital importance as confident speaker is admired by everyone (Derman et al., 2016). A person who does not use nonverbal communication while communicating, usually lacks confidence. Such a person would never be able to communicate effectively. Usually I do not touch shoulders and arms of others while talking to them unless it is to show sympathy or empathy (Koegel et al., 2016). Although I do a firm handshake before or after having a conversation with a colleague and even with the boss. This helps to convey my strong character and my confidence in myself and my actions. Personal Report of Public Speaking Anxiety: This diagnostic tool helped me to analyse the problems in my public speaking abilities. I am very anxious while speaking in public (Carlbring et al., 2017). Public speaking requires a lot of forte and confidence. Public speakers are generally well versed in the psychology of the common masses and they develop and manipulate their speech based on the reactions of the audience (Mawson, 2017). I get tensed before giving a public speech. The preparation phase for the speech is very unnerving for me. It generally takes a long time for me to prepare a proper speech that is suitable to be delivered in public. Practising the speech over and over does not produce any better result. Instead, my level of anxiousness increases more. I tend to forget my speech after stepping on the podium. I am in constant fear and tensed about giving my speech. However, all of these go away after I start my speech. My hands and forehead remain sweaty form before but my thought process is clear on the contents that I should say rather than the speech I have prepared. This helps to effectively communicate with the audience. Public speech can be very tricky and it is very demotivating and demoralising when people leave while I am presenting my speech. It is considered very unorthodox to involve the audience in my speech nonetheless I actively get the people to participate in my speech and thus they feel obligated to stay during the whole duration of my speech. Using the analysis that I obtained by using this tool I can decrease my anxiety levels before giving my speech in front of the public. I can immerse myself in different stress relieving activities to mitigate the stress while I am getting ready to speak to a crowd. Generally, I calm down while reading books of different authors. I can use that to read books written by motivational authors that instigate confidence (Evans, 2017). This would divert my attention from the speech and gives me more time to relax yet brim with confidence. Talkaholic Scale Communication: I have used this diagnostic tool to analyse whether I am a talkaholic or not. There are instances where I should have spoken but I kept quiet because I did not want to humiliate myself in front of my colleagues (Sidelinger Bolen, 2015). I generally constrain myself and participate in conversations only when it is an absolute necessity. I am confident at participating in conversations but I do not put any effort in creating a conversation. I am not a talkaholic and I cautiously choose the conversation that I would participate in (Goldstein et al., 2017). The issues that I have identified while analysing using the diagnostic tools are as follows: I have anxiety while communicating to a large group of people and while speaking to the public and I avoid such communication as much as possible. I participate in limited number of conversations. In the last twelve months, I had experienced different professional interactions. Among them I would state and analyse two such interactions: I had to prepare for a seminar. Here, I had to give a power point presentation in front of four thousand people. Here, I experienced anxiety issues while preparing for the speech. I forgot the whole speaker notes that I had prepared as I stood in front of all those people and gave a very vague presentation on the topic. This shows that I would require improvement in public speaking. A discussion about the correct work ethics ensued an event of misbehaviour at my work place. Here, I did not participate in the discussion as I thought that any abrupt idea from my end might ruin my career. Literature Review The two scenarios where I faced issues during communicating effectively are public speaking and the choice of conversation for participation. In this literature review, the skills required to effectively communicate with the public and compulsive communication is discussed. Public speaking is defined as the ability to deliver a speech in front of the public (Chen et al., 2014). The speech can be informative or entertaining (Apostol-Mates Barbu, 2017). The speech must be structured and delivered with confidence. However, developing a suitable speech and the required speaking skills needs time. Any form of anxiety before or during the speech would affect the quality of the speech (Taylor, 2014). The problem that was identified was failure to recollect the prepared speech in front of the audience. In theory, this can be solved effortlessly by practicing the speech multiple times in front of the mirror. More amount of practice would mean that more confidence would be developed for the actual event. Thus, during the actual speech, the speaker would not feel anxious over the speech as the person would feel prepared instead. Confidence while speaking publicly is important as the audience would not give full attention to the speaker unless the speaker speaks c aptivatingly (Carnegie, 2017). It is also expected that the public speaker must have good leadership skills as it a good leader can easily motivate the crowd. Thus, imparting motivation is a key feature of a public speaker. However, practising a speech repeatedly might not produce the same outcome for everybody. The people might get more nervous while preparing for the speech. The behavioural aspect of a person needs to be developed. Anxiety management needs to implemented (Veale et al., 2014). This would aid in developing the attitude of a person towards public speaking. Public speaking can be very unnerving. Leadership skills is another aspect that is needed to effectively deliver a speech in public. However, leadership skills can never be created in a person. It is something a person is born with. The innate nature of a person must contain leadership skills so that it can be nurtured and developed further. Leadership skills are needed to effectively address a crowd. Such audience is hard to motivate as it is hard to predict the correct amount of effort needed to motivate everyone equally. Motivational and entertaining style of speech is important to keep the crowd captivated in the content of the speech. Lack of entertainment means that the speech is monotonous and thus even if the content is interesting, the audience would lose interest. The positive outcomes of the speech must be highlighted before the audience as it will assist in keeping the audience fascinated and they would maintain their level of interest throughout the speech. The audience must be given a reason to listen. A smile on the speakers face is important to provide a friendly appearance on stage. A personal experience or story related to the topic can be provided by the speaker. This would highlight personal involvement of the speaker with the speech he or she is about to provide. The speaker must believe in the contents of his or her speech wholeheartedly otherwise it is hard to convince the audience. A fake speech demoralizes the audience and they would gradually lose interest in the speech. Interactive sessions with the audience is also important for maintaining their attention. An audience will feel more involved to the discussion. A questionnaire can be formulated by the speaker that would create an interactive session with the audience. A co-operating audience means that they would show exhilarating interest in the speech, which would then increase the confidence of the speaker by seeing such overwhelming public support. The content prepared by the speaker might lack some aspects that the audience might be expecting from the speaker during his or her speech. This expectation can be derived from different questions that can be asked to the audience. The feedback from those questions then can be used to make impromptu changes to the speech content that befits the expectation of the audience. Compulsive speakers or in other words talkaholics are those people who always over-communicate (Worthington Bodie, 2017). The literature explains a measuring scale that can be used to identify a talkaholic and measure the level of compulsive speaking. People are often offended by compulsive speaking as they might not be mentally prepared to listen. The scale measures whether the person is a talkaholic or not. However, in this scenario the flaw is less speaking and not over-speaking. Speaking less is as harmful as compulsive speaking. The circumstances involved in speaking less can be low confidence and motivation. This can be detrimental as the person might not be able to communicate his or her thought process effectively. Some words can remain unsaid, which would create a deficiency in communication. The consistency in a persons workplace communication skills is essential for his or her progress. Without proper communication skills, the person will feel demotivated to stay and work as he or she would always be in a depressed state of mind. Effectively stating ones idea is important otherwise it might be incorrectly interpreted by the listener. A workplace consists of people from different cultural backgrounds. Compulsive speaking during a discussion with them is not beneficial as compulsive speakers tend not to think during speaking. Sometimes they might even overstep the boundary of traditional social conduct by interfering into others lives. Talkaholics tend to talk and explain their situation even when it is advantageous to keep quiet. Such people might face problems during scenarios such as having a conversation with an angry client. In this type of situation, it is beneficial to listen to the clients complaints rather than speaking themselves. Compulsive speakers are thus not active listeners as they spend more time in talking rather than listening (Bodie et al., 2015). The other person might want to say something that would add more value to the convers ation. However, he or she may not get the chance to do so as a talkaholic would always interrupt such speakers and speak instead. Speaking first is always seen as a sign of having leadership skills (Chen Rybak, 2017). People are always incited to be the first one to speak as it would help them to gain an advantage over other involved in the same discussion. However, such a practice is not to be utilized at a workplace as listening skills are desired along with speaking skills. It is more valuable to be an active listener as it helps to develop insights on different processes through multiple discussions with colleagues and experts. A compulsively speaking boss during the start of a meeting would state the purpose of the meeting along with all his or her ideas regarding the matter. Asking for ideas from the other participants of the meeting after that is futile as the ideas provided by the boss has already dominated the room by overwhelming them with his or her own ideas. Instead th e boss should have stated the purpose of the meeting and waited to get the feedback from the other participants. The participants might have some better insights to offer and the boss must listen to those. It takes a lot of skill to speak and communicate effectively and it takes an even superior skill and self-control to listen. Listening to what others are saying is just as important as speaking. Effective communication is a two-way street (Evans et al., 2017). The speaker and the listener must put equal amounts of effort to make the communication effective. A talkaholic can never achieve effective communication as the person is not spending enough time listening. This means if such a person is asked for feedback, he or she will not be able to provide a satisfactory one. This is because compulsive speakers spend more time talking and less time listening. Personal development is thus essential in these areas as it helps to develop even further. Action Plan Knowledge, Skills and Behaviours Required Key Events and Activities Duration Public Speaking skills that includes leadership and motivational skills Masters in Public Speaking Courses at Dale Carnegie Training From 24/1/2018 to 23/1/2020 Presentation skills Developing an effective idea on what the presenting publicly means From 26/1/2018 to 28/1/2018 Planning and analysing skills Planning the speech and learning about the requirements of the speaker From 29/1/2018 to 31/1/2018 Convincing skills Learning to make the presentation convincing From 1/2/2018 to 3/2/2018 Question and Answer skills Learning to handle questions from the audience and providing them with appropriate answers. From 4/2/2018 to 8/2/2018 Speaking accurately and effectively Understanding the talkaholic scale and developing self for better conversation participation From 9/2/2018 to 12/2/2018 Reflection Maintaining a journal that could be used to reflect on the learning outcomes. From 24/1/2018 to 23/7/2018 Self-help books that could be used to develop motivational ideas. Unlimited Power: The New Science of Personal Achievement by Tony Robbins From 26/7/2018 to 7/3/2018 The action plan includes a master degree course in public speaking and mass communication. Such a course is required to instigate the required skill set and confidence to speak publicly. The skill set is quite hard to nurture and thus professional help is recommended for this situation. Leadership skills are hard to develop solely based on self-help books. Potential leaders need adequate guidance to become leaders. Motivational speaking is an important aspect to learn while learning public speaking. Listening to other motivational speakers can help to develop self-motivating skills. Presentation skills are needed to convince the public. Content of a speech can be confusing to the public if not spoken correctly. Thus, presentation skills are of importance to a public speaker. Public analysing skills are needed to analyse the crowd and develop effective speech delivering techniques spontaneously. The public can be volatile to address and thus such skills must be developed in a public s peaker. A public speaker must never get anxious while delivering speech or while answering the questions from the public. Anxiousness must be mitigated through any means possible. It generally involves book reading, listening to music or talking to loved ones. These methods of anxiousness mitigation are very helpful and must be applied when needed. A journal can be maintained to reflect on all the outcomes that has been learned in the duration of the process. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that effective communication skills are important to improve a persons personal and professional life. The five diagnostic tools that were used in this report to analyse the communication skills successfully creates a picture of the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication along with active listening and assertiveness. The deficiency in public speaking skills and under speaking has been identified and explained in the literature review as well as the advantages of having those skills. Public speaking has been explained in context to the skill set that is required to become an excellent public speaker. The limitations of being a compulsive speaker and the benefits of speaking the correct amount has also been explained. An action plan has also been provided that provides a detailed plan over the next six months that would assist in improving the communication skills. Reference List Apostol-Mates, R., Barbu, A. (2017). THE MILITARY BRIEFING-A TYPE OF INFORMATIVE SPEECH.Scientific Bulletin" Mircea cel Batran" Naval Academy,20(1), 135. Bodie, G. D., Vickery, A. J., Cannava, K., Jones, S. M. (2015). The role of active listening in informal helping conversations: Impact on perceptions of listener helpfulness, sensitivity, and supportiveness and discloser emotional improvement.Western Journal of Communication,79(2), 151-173. Burgoon, J. K., Guerrero, L. K., Floyd, K. (2016).Nonverbal communication. Routledge. Carlbring, P., Lindner, P., Miloff, A., Fagerns, S., Andersen, J., Sigeman, M., ... Andersson, G. (2017). In session virtual reality use for public speaking anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. In9th Scientific Meeting of the International Society for Research on Internet Interventions, Berlin, Germany, 1214 October 2017. Elsevier. Carnegie, D. (2017).How to develop self-confidence and influence people by public speaking. Simon and Schuster. Chen, L., Feng, G., Joe, J., Leong, C. W., Kitchen, C., Lee, C. M. (2014, November). Towards automated assessment of public speaking skills using multimodal cues. InProceedings of the 16th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction(pp. 200-203). ACM. Chen, M. W., Rybak, C. (2017).Group leadership skills: Interpersonal process in group counseling and therapy. SAGE Publications. Derman, P. B., Iyer, S., Garner, M., Orr, S., Felix, K. J., Goldberg, A., ... Cornell, C. (2016). An Initiative to Standardize the Identification of and Acute Response to Postoperative Lower-Extremity Neurological Deficits: Effects on Provider Knowledge, Confidence, and Communication Skills.JBJS,98(23), e105. Elbert, S. P., Dijkstra, A. (2014). An experimental test of the relationship between voice intonation and persuasion in the domain of health.Psychology health,29(9), 1014-1031 Evans, D. R., Hearn, M. T., Uhlemann, M. R., Ivey, A. E. (2017).Essential interviewing: A programmed approach to effective communication. Nelson Education. Evans, K. (2017).Engaging Undergraduate Writers: A Study of Motivational Dynamics in the Second Language Writing Classroom(Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Davis). Goldstein, A. J., Quintana, A., Palm, E., Millam, G., Ahmed, Z. (2017).U.S. Patent Application No. 15/347,584. Jack, R. E., Garrod, O. G., Schyns, P. G. (2014). Dynamic facial expressions of emotion transmit an evolving hierarchy of signals over time.Current biology,24(2), 187-192. Jandt, F. E. (2017).An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. Sage Publications. Jones, R. M., Southerland, A., Hamo, A., Carberry, C., Bridges, C., Nay, S., ... Lord, C. (2017). Increased Eye Contact During Conversation Compared to Play in Children With Autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,47(3), 607-614. Knapp, M. L., Vangelisti, A. L., Caughlin, J. P. (2014).Interpersonal communication human relationships. Pearson Higher Ed. Koegel, L. K., Ashbaugh, K., Navab, A., Koegel, R. L. (2016). Improving empathic communication skills in adults with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders,46(3), 921-933. Li, G. (2014). Information sharing and stock market participation: Evidence from extended families.Review of Economics and Statistics,96(1), 151-160. Mawson, A. R. (2017).Mass panic and social attachment: The dynamics of human behavior. Routledge. Meyer, R., Dennis, J., Markus, H., Boxenbaum, E. (2014).From idea to organizational practice: Institutionalizing innovative ideas through visualization(No. hal-01103137). Nakai, Y., Takashima, R., Takiguchi, T., Takada, S. (2014). Speech intonation in children with autism spectrum disorder.Brain and Development,36(6), 516-522. Neuliep, J. W. (2017).Intercultural communication: A contextual approach. Sage Publications. Pease, A., Pease, B. (2016).The Definitive Book of Body Language: how to read others attitudes by their gestures. Hachette UK. Shahbaz, M., Khan, M. S., Khan, R. M. I., Mustafa, G. (2016). Role of self-perceived communication competence and communication apprehension for willingness to communicate in L1 and L2.Journal of Educational and Social Research,6(1), 158. Sidelinger, R. J., Bolen, D. M. (2015). Compulsive Communication in the Classroom: Is the Talkaholic Teacher a Misbehaving Instructor?.Western Journal of Communication,79(2), 174-196. Taylor, S. (2014).Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety. Routledge. Veale, D., Anson, M., Miles, S., Pieta, M., Costa, A., Ellison, N. (2014). Efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy versus anxiety management for body dysmorphic disorder: a randomised controlled trial.Psychotherapy and psychosomatics,83(6), 341-353. Worthington, D. L., Bodie, G. D. (Eds.). (2017).The sourcebook of listening research: Methodology and measures. John Wiley Sons.

To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw Sugar for Refining Essay Example

To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw Sugar for Refining Essay To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw sugar for Refining ABSTRACT This study was particularly designed to evaluate the quality parameters of raw sugar which ultimately affect the filterability of raw sugar. It is a cane sugar which has been minimally processed and product of the first stage of cane sugar refining process which has some very distinctive characteristics. Filterability of raw sugars is one of the primary sugar quality parameters. To the refiner, the filterability of raw melt is important as it directly influences factory throughout. The physico-chemical characteristics of sugar including moisture, polarization, reducing sugar, ash contents, color constituents, microbial examination (Total colony count and yeast) and sensory evaluation such as appearance, odour and texture were determined. The results obtained from physico-chemical analysis showed that these parameters were affected significantly among the samples of raw sugars. The microbial analysis showed that the total colony count and the yeast were also affected significantly among the samples while in sensory evaluation appearance was affected significantly whereas texture and odour were affected non-significantly among the samples of the raw sugars. It can be concluded from the results that sample four was observed to have a good quality while sample six had the opposite result to that of sample four and was considered to have a very low quality. Keywords: Raw Sugar Refinery, Operational Concept and Quality Perspectives Name: Zia-ud-Din Regd. We will write a custom essay sample on To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw Sugar for Refining specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw Sugar for Refining specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To Study the Filterability and Quality of Raw Sugar for Refining specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer No: 2006-ag-1861 National Institute of Food Science and Technology University of Agriculture Faisalabad SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE ChairmanDr. Ghulam Rasool MemberDr. M. Atif Randhawa MemberDr. Muhammad Sharif INTRODUCTION Raw sugar is an intermediate product of refining and affination process of sugar manufacturing that consists of pale yellow to brown sugar crystals covered with a film of syrup. This is infact, an intermediate stage in the production of sugar, having sucrose and water contents 95-97 and 0. 25-1. 1%, respectively. It is of yellowish brown colour due to the presence of molasses (3. %) and have burnt flavour with coarsely crystalline (Javaid et al. ,2011). The sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. ) is a commonly distributed plant and is one of the most significant source of sugar in Pakistan. Current reports have shed light into numerous biological properties of sugarcane and its resulting products. Fresh sugarcane juice is widespread in Pakistan as an inexpensive and sweet beverage. It is becoming a fashion juice and thirst satisfying drink served at roadside stalls, canteens and cafeterias throughout the country during the harvest season (Ali et al. 2001). The sugarcane is a thick, tall perennial grass that is grown in tropical or subtropical region. In the leaves sugar is synthesized that is either used as a energy source for growth of plant or is sent to the stalks for storage. In the stalks the sweet sap is the source of sugar. The reed accumulates sugar to about 15 percent of its weight. About 2600000 tons of sugar per year is yielded by the sugar cane. Other sugar crops for sugar production involve sweet sorghum, honey, sugar maple and corn sugar (Dalziel et al. ,1999). Sugarcane is grown in Kharif season and is one of the main cash crops of Pakistan. It delivers raw material to sugar industries and sugar associated products. For the rural community of the country, it produces income and services. Vital items for industries like sugar, chipboard and paper, sugarcane helps in their value addition. Its share is 3. 6 percent in agriculture and 0. 8 percent in GDP. For the year 2009-10, an area of 943 thousand hectares is under sugarcane cultivation which is 8. 4 percent less as compared to the previous year (1029 thousand hectares). Production of the sugarcane for the year 2009-10 is assessed to be 49. 4 million tons, in contrast to 50 million tons previous year ultimately the production is reduced to 1. 3 percent. Key factors involved for low productions are canal water scarcity, electricity shortage, area under wheat crop during 2008-09 is maximum ultimately confining the sugarcane acreage, lower prices for the sugarcane crop in the previous year and higher inputs rates also restrict the farming community from growing sugarcane crop (GOP, 2009-2010). The keeping quality of sugar was studied keeping in the view the process of drying played a pivotal role. By keeping the sugar under humid conditions, microbial decomposition along with loss of sugar occurred rendering the quality of sugar impure. After the process of drying, the process of polarization becomes augmented and the notorious effects of microorganisms become less. If the sugar is wet when fed into the dryer, large amount of heat is required for the process of drying the sugar. Sample purity plays a vital role in determination of overall moisture contents of the sugar sample. If the size of the crystals of sugar becomes enlarge, ultimately increasing the moisture percentage of the sugar sample (Javaid et al. , 2011). An experiment was conducted which showed the presence of iron particle and bagacillo causes the physical hazards and biological contamination in the finished products respectively. Following essential steps should be taken in order to keep the juice clear and free from the particles of bagacillo i. e. pre- juice heating (106 oC or above), required chemical dozing at clarifier, pass the clarified juice from 0. 25 mm rotary screen. They both are ISO (i. . International Standardization Organization) 22000:2005, Critical Control Points (CCP’s) of Food Safety Management System, covers HACCP (i. e. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) (Javaid et al. , 2011). The parameters were studied and an experiment was conducted in which pre-treatments of sugarcane bagasse for the production of fermentable sugar was carried out. They studied the eff ects of particle size, NaOH concentration, temperature and liquid to solid ratio (LSR) on the production of reducing sugars and sonication time on delignification using Placket-Burman design. They concluded that sugarcane bagasse that was pre-treated with ultra-sound assisted alkaline pre-treatments showed superior yield and production of reducing sugars as compared to the commercial pre-treatments. They also concluded that the most striking feature of the ultra-sound assisted alkaline pre-treatments was the improved efficacy during the pre-treatment time and temperature that were kept reduced during the process. They also found that the feasibility and instalment of this process on a larger scale need energy optimization and appropriate reactors design (Velmurugan and Muthukumar 2012). Sugar beet pulp was utilized as a support for immobilization of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L. ) cells to produce bioethanol. They found the method of immobilization of cells as simple, cheap and easy to carry out. They concluded that even without the supplementation of the nutrient, the production of bioethanol in an efficient manner from thick juice of sugar beet utilizing immobilized yeast cells on sugar beet pulp is possible in repeated batch mode. A maximum ethanol concentration of 52. 26 g/l, yield of 0. 446g/g was achieved in the thick juice substrate of seventh fermentation batch. However, the molasses was found to be less suitable medium for the production of the ethanol fermentation for more than three batches because of the accumulation of the coloured compounds that cause cell leakage from the support ultimately affected the metabolism of the immobilized yeast cells. They also determined that the dry sugar beet pulp plays a significant role during the support of immobilized yeast cell for the production of bioethanol and the dry sugar beet pulp can be used as a protein source in the animal feeds (Vucurovic and Razmovski 2012). MATERIALS AND METHODS Samples of raw sugar were procured from sugarcane industry/local market. The research was conducted at the National Institute of Food Science and Technology in university of agriculture Faisalabad. Ash contents Total ash contents were determined by taking 5 gram sample in the china dish and placed on low flame while the mass is thoroughly charred, then the sample was heated in muffle furnace at 500+500C until white ash was obtained. This ash was cooled in the desiccator and weighed in percentage using the following formula: Total ash = Weight of ash ? 100 Weight of sample Colour Colour value was determined with colour meter ( Nauhaus color test- II, Neotec). It was first calibrated with the standards having lower and upper limits (51-70 respectively). Then the sample were filled in the Petri plate and the surface was made smooth by removing the sample material from the petri plate, to get the optimum reflection of light, emerged by the photo cells of the colour meter, reading was noted from the display. Sample readings were compared with the standards. Grain size of crystals According to SI specifications, crystals were graded into five sizes. In the grain size analysis, 100 g of sugar was taken on sieves, placed on a nest of sieves with a lid on the top of sieve and received at the bottom and was shaken for five minutes on a mechanical sieve shaker. The weight of each sample in gram was taken in the percentage of the sugar retained in the particular sieve. From the values, the accumulative percentage is calculated and compared. Filterability of the samples Filterability was determined by following the standard method enlisted in AOAC (2000). 5 g raw sugar sample was taken and dissolved in 50 ml water until the brix of the solution was 300. The time was noted during the filtration of each sample. Then the percent filterability was determined using the following formula: % Filterability = amount of the filtered solution ? 100 Total volume of solution Moisture Moisture was determined by taking 10 g of sample and drying it in a hot air oven at 100+50C for a bout 3 hours as recommended by ICUMSA. The loss in weight was the moisture contents calculated by using the following formula: moisture = loss of weight during drying ? 100 Weight of sample The data thus collected were subjected to statistical analysis using completely randomized design (CRD) and ANOVA techniques as described by Steel et al. , (1997) to check the effect of different parameters on the quality of raw sugar RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Ash contents The results for statistical analysis regarding analysis of variance for the ash contents are presented in table 4. 3a. It is shown by the data that the values are affected highly significant for the ash contents in the samples of raw sugar. The mean values for the ash contents are shown in the table 4. 3b. It can be established from the data presented in the table 4. 3b that the highest value for the ash contents was found for sample six which was 0. 73 percent while the lowest value was recorded for the samples one, two and five. So the value for the ash contents were found to be decreasing for the samples in the order of T6T1T2T5T3T4. While it had been established by many sugar technologists that the contents of ash in the samples of sugar should not exceed 0. 5 percent. These results were reviewed by Chauhan et al. , (2011) and after doing further analysis he determined that the ash contents in some of the raw sugar is in high concentration because the raw sugar was affined for purification at different temperatures for the quality improvement. Colour Agudo et al. , (2002) determined that the crystals colour of the sugar is greatly affected by the colour and purity level of the pan feed liquor. Generally the process of crystallization removes 90-96 percent of colour. The feed liquor having low level of colour gave the sugar with better colour. The process of refining in the processing of sugar utilize the phosphatation, carbonation, bone char, affination (mechanical separation of colour), granular carbon and ion exchange resin for the removal of colour before the process of sugar boiling (crystallization) for the production of sugar. According to ICUMSA (2007) standards, the maximum colour range of the raw sugar should be in the range of 400-600. The statistical analysis results regarding analysis of variance for colour contents in different samples of raw sugar is presented in the table 4. a. The results showed that the colour values were affected highly significant among the samples of raw sugar. The mean values for the colour contents in different raw sugar samples are shown in the table 4. 6b. The data showed that the maximum colour was observed for sample six and lowest was recorded for sample one. These results are in line with the above mentioned ICUMSA standards. Gyura et al. , (2007) proposed that some factors pla yed an important role in the determination of colour and these factors affect the colour of the sugar. Some of these factors include sugar crystal size, colour types, ash constituents, boiling time, crystal distribution, polysaccharides and colour and purity of pan feed liquor. These factors determine the overall quality of sugar. So it was concluded that the increase value for the colour contents in the sample six was due to the occurrence of these impurities due to improper affination process or other refining process ultimately making it a low quality raw sugar. Size of crystals The results regarding analysis of variance for the size of crystals of different raw sugar samples have been shown in the table 4. a. The statistical analysis showed that the relationship between different raw sugar samples regarding the size of crystals were affected highly significant. The mean values for size of crystals among raw sugar samples had been presented in table 4. 5b. According to Jennings (1967), the size of crystals for the raw sugar should be between 0. 35-0. 60 mm. These research findings are in agreement with the research outcomes of the present study. The size of crystals for different raw sugar samples were in the range of 0. 39-0. 58 mm. The sample three and four had the maximum size of crystal of 0. 56 and 0. 58 mm respectively. While the minimum size of crystal was recorded for sample two which had a size of 0. 39 mm. As the standard size ranges from 0. 35-0. 60 mm, so all the samples fell in the range of standard values. It can be concluded from the review that during the sugar production optimal control is required for the growth of crystals in the crystallization stage is a vital factor for the production of sugar crystals that have the size according to specification. Argaw et al. (2006) stated that the process of growth and size of crystals can be observed by implementing varieties of different methods which involve visual inspections as well as indirect measurements. It was proposed by Beucher (1992) that the sieve method used for the assessment of the size of crystals of the raw sugar samples was well recognized for the quality determination on international scale. He stated that the sieve method is simple, easy to perform and a straight forward method which can be utilized in the production environment and this method require a modest technology. The demerits of this method that was established by the scientist were the large amount of samples and preparations required for the analysis and a more time consuming process making this a laborious method ultimately making this a difficult process to perform. It was also concluded that the size of crystals played a significant role in determining the quality of sugarcane and raw sugar produce. Filterability The results regarding the analysis of variance for the filterability of various raw sugar samples obtained from different sugar industries. The statistical analysis showed that the filterability was affected highly significant for different raw sugar samples. The mean values for the filterability of different raw sugar samples are presented in table 4. 10b. Javaid et al. , (2011) stated that the impurity factor, starch and insoluble suspended matter in raw sugar have impact great influence on filtering quality of processed and unprocessed liquor. The starch has two main components i. e. traight chain amylase and branched chain amylopectin, the amylase: amylopectin ratio, the difference in charge characteristic with pH in solution, an important physico-chemical characteristic with reference to its role in filtration. High starch and low filterability process, therefore, have negative effects on clarification process that leads to the development of ash and colour in sugar. They also stated that the existence of starch in raw sugar influences and has effects on filtration, doubled the viscosity of low grade massecuite and impede the process of crystallization. The filterability of melted raw sugar has great effect on the refinery output however; when it does then it decrease the filtrate brix that leads to decrease the melting rate and viscosity as well. Consumption of excess steam in the evaporator or pan had an influence on the production during which the production suffered. Moisture The analysis for variance for the moisture contents of several raw sugar samples regarding the results have been presented in table 4. 1a. The statistical data narrated that the moisture contents of several raw sugar samples were affected highly significant. The values for the mean of the moisture contents for various raw sugar samples are shown in the table 4. 1b. It had been determined by Javaid et al. , (2011) that the moisture contents of the raw sugar were 40 percent during the examination. These findings of the research are parallel with the results of the present study. The moisture contents of the different raw sugar samples were in the range of 0. 20 to 0. 76 percent. The data also showed that the highest moisture contents were found in sample six followed by sample one while lowest values were recorded for sample four. Chen et al. , (1993) established that the moisture contents of the sugar is adaptable because of the non-reducing sugars during the process of manufacturing and also because of the contribution of the different types of agronomic factors such as storage, moisture, type of irrigation, soil conditions, season of harvesting and variety of cane crop. Such factors are involved during the analysis and study of present research. So the present difference can be attributed to these factors. Table 1: Mean values for Ash Contents, Colour, Size of Crystals, Filterability and Moisture Treatments |Ash Contents |Colour |Size of Crystals |Filterability |Moisture | |T1 |0. 5333ab |418. 33c |0. 4067c |58. 333b |0. 5333ab | |T2 |0. 3000ab |422. 33bc |0. 3933c |56. 133b |0. 4000bc | |T3 |0. 1667b |420. 00c |0. 600a |67. 000a |0. 2333c | |T4 |0. 1333b |447. 00abc |0. 5867a |70. 467a |0. 2000c | |T5 |0. 3000ab |490. 67ab |0. 4667b |38. 000c |0. 3000bc | |T6 |0. 7333a |503. 33a |0. 4733b |33. 000c |0. 766 7a | CONCLUSION Thus it can be concluded from the present research that the sample four was the best regarding the sugar quality while sample from one to three were also of desire quality and quite near to the standards and were collected from the sugarcane industries. 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