Measuring Media Effectiveness in Bangladesh Essay

The media comprises essentially of TV, radio, press, web and film. This tremendous measure of cash is spent on promoting fundamentally to create:Advertising/Total Brand Awareness: Consumer has been acquainted with or reminded about the Brand Familiarity: Consumer perceives explicit brand names Brand Imagery: Consumer concurs with positive credits explicit to singular brands Purchase Intent: Consumer expects to buy the brand So, as a major measure of cash is related to the media, the advertisers endeavor o know how valuable these media will be in accomplishing these objectives. Advertisers have gotten progressively mindful of the ramifications of a changing media scene. For instance, proceeding with media discontinuity implies that a progressively mind boggling cluster of media plans are conceivable. Given that a few media plans will be considerably more effective than others at connecting with shoppers and conveying promoting benefit, advertisers need to realize how to expand the cha nces of finding the ideal media blend to make showcasing progress. 1. 1 Motivation and Rationale of Study Individuals from various segment bunches are presented to media in various manners. And furthermore not every person is presented to all the media. So it is significant for the advertiser to know which media will be suitable to arrive at his objective market and when and how that media ought to be utilized. The advertiser needs to know how compelling will a media be to accomplish the promoting objectives. There are a few Medias like TV, press, radio, web and film and subsequently the advertiser has to know which media will draw out the best result from his notices. In such a case that the advertiser can't arrive at the objective market with the chose media, the dispensed spending will be squandered and the showcasing objectives won't be accomplished This exploration paper has attempted to take care of these issues of the advertiser by giving a thought regarding the media setting of Bangladesh. This examination clarifies how helpful the TV, radio, print and web media will be in creating:Advertising/Total Brand Awareness: Consumer has been acquainted with or reminded about the Brand Familiarity: Consumer perceives explicit brand names Brand Imagery: Consumer concurs with positive ascribes explicit to singular brands Purchase Intent: Consumer plans to buy the brand 1. 2 Method of Study The technique utilized for this exploration was Personal in home review where the analyst by and by visited the respondents with the survey and asked and disclosed the inquiries to the respondents. So the respondent comprehends the inquiries obviously and can think before they answer. An example size of 100 was chosen through advantageous inspecting strategy yet in addition exceptional consideration has been taken about keeping up a reasonable blend of various age gatherings and sexes to get a fair outcome. As this examination just endeavors to gauge the media adequacy, so the accompanying 2 presumptions/speculation are made:1. All media are similarly costly 2. All notices are of equivalent quality These two suppositions are made to take out the blunders in estimating the media viability. In such a case that these two suppositions are acknowledged then the accomplishment of the promotion will exclusively rely upon which media was utilized. 1. 3 Overall Objective The general target of this examination paper is to quantify the adequacy of media in Bangladesh by discovering the impact of every media on accomplishing the showcasing objectives.

Gibe, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive

Sneer, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive Sneer, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive Sneer, Gybe, Jibe, and Jive By Maeve Maddox The action words sneer, gybe, correspond and jive all start with the sound [j] and are frequently confounded. sneer (action word): to insult, to affront. Model: â€Å"If he snickered rather than cried when someoneâ gibedâ at him, regularly theâ teasing stopped.†Ã¢ scoff (thing): a jeering remark, an insult. Model: â€Å"The teasing, taunts,â gibesâ and pernicious acts are a piece of me still.† gybe (action word): (cruising term) to move out of nowhere and with power from one side to the next when a boat is controlled off the breeze until the sail fills on the contrary side. Elective spelling: correspond. Models: â€Å"As Phil slipped over the edge, theâ boom gybed.† â€Å"A whirlwind got theirâ sail, theâ boom corresponded, about thumping Mr. Snider overboard.† correspond (action word): to bode well, to concur with, to fit in. Model: â€Å"The most recent research discoveries correspond with those recorded in 1934.† The thing jive has these three implications: 1. a sort of quick, vivacious jazz Weve been needing toâ play Jiveâ since the band originally began. 2. enthusiastic and uninhibited moving. He doesnt very bob around like an elastic band during his jive, however does sufficient to indent a 7-7-7. 3. talk or discussion, particularly talk that is bogus, deceiving, or useless. It’s time to cut the jive and come clean. As an action word, jive can intend to play exuberant music or to move to energetic music. Model: They dispersed each other around four feet separated andâ were jivingâ to the music. The action word jive can likewise mean, â€Å"to delude or deceive.† Perhaps the narcsâ were jivingâ him, maybeâ they wereâ going to shoot him in the back. I scanned his eyes for some piece of information thatâ he was jiving me. He wasnt.â The most widely recognized mistakes with these words are to spell sneer as correspond and to utilize jive in the feeling of agree. Here are a few instances of abuse from the Web: Off base: Arizona Prison Privatization Proposal Doesnt Jive with Market Right : Arizona Prison Privatization Proposal Doesnt Jibe with Market Incorrect: But my opinionâ about thatâ doesnt jiveâ with everybody elses opinion.â Right : But my opinionâ about thatâ doesnt agree with everybody elses opinion.â Off base: If your youngster is throwing his own sillyâ jibes atâ the mystery, at that point its a shared thing. Right : If your youngster is flinging his own sillyâ gibes atâ the mystery, at that point its a common thing. Mistaken: Put-downs, slurs, corresponds, and insinuation of various sorts are rarely purposeless or innocuous. Right : Put-downs, slurs, scoffs, and insinuation of assorted types are rarely purposeless or innocuous. The Oxford English Dictionary approves the nonstandard utilization of jive in the feeling of agree as â€Å"U.S.† use, however Merriam-Webster Unabridged (infamous for its inclination to grasp a wide range of sketchy use) doesn't. The main definition M-W offers for agree is â€Å"to be in accord.† Its solitary definitions for the action word jive are identified with music, misdirecting talk, and prodding. Two other much-refered to American specialists are mindful so as to recognize sneer and agree: The Chicago Manual of Style A scoff is a gnawing affront or insult; sneers are metaphorically tossed at their objective â€Å"The furious group flung sneers as the suspect was driven into the courthouse.† Jibe intends to fit, typically with refutation â€Å"The decision didn’t agree with the judge’s own perspective on the facts.† The AP Stylebook To scoff intends to insult or jeer: â€Å"They sneered him about his mistakes.† Agree intends to move bearing: â€Å"They corresponded their boat over the wind.† or then again, conversationally, to concur: â€Å"Their stories didn’t jibe.† Rundown The cruising term might be spelled either gybe or agree. The last is progressively basic in US utilization. The action word that implies â€Å"to agree† or â€Å"to fit† is spelled correspond. The thing and action word that pass on insulting are spelled sneer. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary classification, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:Based in and based out ofBest Websites to Learn EnglishDrama versus Drama

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 10th, 2017

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 10th, 2017 Book Riot Deals is sponsored by The Disappearances by Emily Bain Murphy, a HMH Book for Young Readers. Todays Featured Deals Tell the Wolves Im Home by Carol Rifka Brunt for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: After Henry by Joan Didion for $1.13. Get it here or just click the cover image below: In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deal: Zen in the Art of Writing by Ray Bradbury for $1.99. Get it here or just click the cover image below: Previous daily deals that are still active (as of this writing at least). Get em while theyre hot. The Song of Achilles by Madeline Miller for $1.99. The Toughest Indian in the World by Sherman Alexie for $1.99. Sleeping Giants  by Sylvain Neuvel for $1.99. The Last Samurai  by Helen DeWitt for $1.99. The Last Policeman  by Ben H. Winters for $1.99. Notes of a Native Son  by James Baldwin for $1.99. The Watchmaker of Filligree Street  by Natasha Pulley for $1.99. Labyrinths  by Jose Luis Borges for $1.99. All the Birds in the Sky  by Charlie Jane Anders for $2.99. A Study in Scarlet Women  by Sherry Thomas for $1.99. Everything I Never Told You  by Celeste Ng for $1.99. The Inexplicable Logic of My Life  by Benjamin Alire Sáenz for $2.99. The Nest  by Cynthia DAprix Sweeney for $1.99. We, The Drowned  by Carsten Jenson for $2.99 Big Fish  by Daniel Wallace for $1.99. The Girl of Fire and Thorns by Rae Carson for $2.99. The Terracotta Bride  by Zen Cho for $1.40. The Geek Feminist Revolution  by Kameron Hurley for $2.99. The Girl at Midnight  by Melissa Grey for $1.99. Cloudsplitter  by Russell Banks for $1.99. The Agatha Christie Book Club  by C.A. Larmer for $1.99. Queenpin  by Megan Abbott for $0.99. Unfinished Business: Women Men Work Family  by Ann-Marie Slaughter for $1.99. March  by Geraldine Brooks for $1.99 The Good Lord Bird  by James McBride for $4.99. I Like You Just Fine When Youre Not Around  by Ann Garvin for $1.99. The Returned  by Jason Mott for $1.99. The Center of Everything  by Laura Moriarty for $1.99. Loving Day  by Mat Johnson for $1.99 The Comet Seekers by Helen Sedgwick for $2.99 Frog Music by Emma Donoghue for $1.99 Bitch Planet, Vol 1 for $3.99. Monstress, Vol 1 by Liu Takeda for $3.99 Paper Girls, Vol 1. by Vaughn, Chiang, Wilson for $3.99. Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $1.25 The Complete His Dark Materials series by Philip Pullman for just $5.97 The Wicked + The Divine Volume 1  for $3.99 The Inheritance Trilogy by N.K. Jemisin for $9.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 We Should All Be Feminists by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

The Monkey King Character Changes - 1326 Words

20 September 2016 Mr. Ainscough Grade 10 English 2A Monkey King Character Changes â€Å"Character isn’t something that you were born with and can’t change†¦ [Character is] something you must take responsibility in forming,† said famous author Jim Rohn. This is shown in American Born Chinese, written by Gene Luen Yang, with the Monkey King. The Monkey King shows his true malleability as a character as he has drastic personality changes throughout the course of the book. It is always unpredictable to how he will act next in the story as he is easily influenced by others, for better and for worse. This dynamic character changes from being a content character with high self-esteem, to a depressed and negative character, but eventually ends with an appropriate view of himself. The Monkey King starts off this book with a high self-esteem of who he is and his importance in the world. This is clear on the fourth panel on page 9. You can tell that he views himself as an important monkey through some of the techniques used by the author. One technique he uses is word choice. The text in the narrator block says, â€Å"He established his kingdom and monkeys from the four corners of the world flocked to him.† The author effectively used this narrator block to show how the monkey thought he was important in this world by using powerful words such as ‘kingdom’ and ‘flocked’ to prove his point and then bolding them to highlight their importance to the story. The word ‘kingdom’ emphasizes his powerShow MoreRelatedThe Double Meaning Of A Fairy Tale Or Myth895 Words   |  4 Pagessubtle differences in word-picture combinations. In American Born Chinese, the characters Jin Wang and the Monkey King struggle to be content with who they are and battle external and internal prejudices; however, on a deeper level it teaches us about standing up for our principles, self acceptance, and forgiveness to paint a portrait of how the author views God. First, in American Born Chinese, the author uses the main character Jin Wang to emphasize the theme of accepting ourselves for who we are. JinRead MoreJungle Monkeys Essays1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe monkeys of Rudyard Kipling’s The Jungle Book are a very unique group of characters. They are viewed by the other animals of the jungle, or the Jungle People as they call themselves, as outcasts and outlaws. The most prominent chapter they occur in, â€Å"Kaa’s Hunting†, shows their lawless, shiftless, and uncivilized way of life. This image in itself does not give off any racist undertone. However, Disney’s adaption of The Jungle Book carries this view of the monkeys, while also giving them strongRead MoreMonkey And Tartuffe : Plot Twist1402 Words   |  6 PagesWhen comparing and contrasting, these two pieces of literary work, Monkey and Tartuffe, it is important to assert that while the authors of both these work decided to use surprise ending styles, th eir techniques could not be more different. The novel Monkey ends using the plot twist mechanism of Anagnorisis, while Tartuffe employs the plot twist mechanism Deux Ex Machina. Not only is it consequential to highlight the two novel’s unique differences, but also to highlight the two novel’s similaritiesRead MoreTartuffe: Truth and Religious Teachings Essay893 Words   |  4 Pagesand few men have the gift of being able to see through an appearance. In Tartuffe and Monkey, appearances are far from reality in many instances. Even though both texts were written in different milieus both societies focus strongly on religion and material value. Both characters are deceived by power, desires and the need to prove themselves. Spiritually is used to enlighten and religious teachings help Monkey to see the truth.   However, Orgon needs to trust his senses because spirituality is usedRead More Monkey, the Novel Essay532 Words   |  3 PagesMonkey, the Novel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monkey is created by the author as an individual entity that resembles the characteristic of an ordinary human being. It is quite obvious that the audience would better understand the idea hidden in the literature if the characteristics of the protagonist are closely related to those of the reader. In Monkey , the author carefully parallels the traits of Monkey to the lives of human beings. Then why does the author portray so much resemblance between Monkey andRead MoreMonkey Is A Classic 18th Century Chinese Folk Tale1237 Words   |  5 Pagesinspire the imagination and display a prevalent theme in an interactive and approachable manner. Monkey is a classic 16th century Chinese folk tale novel that mixes allegory, history, and satire into a chaotic but however meaningful adventure. As a combination of being a picaresque novel and a fold tale epic, magical realism is evident and plays a big role in the story. The allegorical nature of the characters and the anti- bureaucratic satire makes the novel more alluring and thus has made the story moreRead MoreAn Analysis of Henry Gates Jr. and â€Å"the Signifying Monkey†1505 Words   |  7 PagesMidterm Essay An Analysis of Henry Gates Jr. and â€Å"The Signifying Monkey† It is certain that when you are exposed to an author’s work you want to categorize that author into a certain group. Perhaps this practice of categorizing a composer can help the reader understand the piece of literature. Henry Gates has helped understand and criticize many African American Literature authors that are exposed through the canon in secondary English Education. As a teacher, it is essential to introduce PostcolonialismRead MoreSelf-Discovery2530 Words   |  11 PagesThroughout one’s lifetime changes in a person’s views toward life are inevitable. Those changes can be seen as either positive or negative based on the experiences a person goes through. Some changes are seen as internal while others are seen as external. For instance, in Monkey by Wu Cheng-en and Candide by Francois-Marie Arouet De Voltaire, both authors are using their characters to portray self-discovery by having them go through a series of obstacles. As a result the characters ch anged their attitudeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Tripmaster Monkey By Maxine Kingston1283 Words   |  6 Pages In Tripmaster Monkey by Maxine Kingston, the main character Wittman is a highly educated artist who searches to find a way to simultaneously express himself as an artist and fit within a community. When we meet him, he has not yet discovered how to express his art in a way that is acceptable either to the Chinese American or American communities. He is a fourth generation Chinese American who finds himself marginalized by the American community because he is viewed as Chinese, but he is also notRead MoreJourney Of The West Is A Chinese Novel By China And Taiwan s Education System1574 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessfully adapted into various forms of media and is often a required read in both China and Taiwan’s education system. What makes Journey to the West stand out and emerge as the most popular literature out of the four is due to the main character, Sun Wuk ong or the Monkey King’s immense cultural impact. In fact, Sun Wukong’s immense popularity has such a colossal cultural impact that spans over multiple countries and media platforms, the mythical figure has since become an integral factor that arouses

Parenthood Should Continue Funding Planned Parenthood

Defunded Parenthood Congress has sparked a debate as to whether or not the government should continue funding Planned Parenthood. Too many people are uneducated about the many services Planned Parenthood offers to those who would not be able to afford it otherwise. The debate began after a heavily edited video was released accusing Planned Parenthood of selling fetal organs for a profit. The selling of any body part is against federal law. CNN released an article confirming to the public that it was indeed an edited video by inputting the original and comparing it to the altered one. Planned Parenthood does donate tissue, but only for scientific research, and solely acquires reimbursement for the expenses. Planned Parenthood is a nonprofit organization. There is a common misconception that Planned Parenthood is a center for abortions, and that’s it. Only three percent of Planned Parenthood’s services relate to abortions. Planned Parenthood receives $500 million in feder al funding and it is illegal to spend any of that money on abortion services. Planned Parenthood provides reproductive health care, and vital sex information to teens, woman, and men nationwide. Planned Parenthood is the world’s largest provider of sex education. It offers contraception (birth control, condoms), STD testings and treatment, health care information, all for free or an affordable price, and is easy to access. If the government decides to defund the organization entirely, it would primarilyShow MoreRelatedShould The Federal Government Continue Funding Planned Parenthood?1501 Words   |  7 PagesShould the Federal Government continue funding Planned Parenthood? Planned Parenthood is an organization that has been around since at least 1921. Recently, it has been in the limelight due to the on-going Presidential debates leading up to the 2016 election. It appears that the Republicans want to take away all federal funding to shut down the clinics where as the democrats believe that the republicans are misguided in their claims. The â€Å"Planned Parenthood Federation of America† is a non profitRead MoreShould The Government Defund Planned Parenthood?1693 Words   |  7 PagesShould the Government Defund Planned Parenthood? About a century ago, a small birth-control clinic was opened by Margaret Sanger in Brooklyn, New York. Women and families travelled to this clinic to learn about contraceptives and the perils of self-administered abortions. This was unheard of at the time, to teach a woman how to stop pregnancy in a world where the highest aspiration of a woman was supposed to become a mother. However, very soon after this clinic opened, Sanger was put incarceratedRead MorePlanned Parenthood1299 Words   |  6 PagesPlanned Parenthood Planned Parenthood federation of America (PPFA), better known as Planned Parenthood, is a non-profit organization that provides healthcare and family planning services. Planned Parenthood is the nations leading sexual and reproductive health care provider and advocate (Planned). Planned Parenthood receives federal funding to help practice the services they provide, but some groups believe that funding this organization is morally wrong. Critics of Planned Parenthood say theRead MorePersuasive Essay On Planned Parenthood1216 Words   |  5 Pages Planned Parenthood was founded on the revolutionary idea that women should have the information and care they need to live strong, healthy lives and fulfill their dreams — no ceilings, no limits (Planned Parenthood). With over 600 health centers, the people of Planned Parenthood have dedicated themselves to keep women informed, healthy, and educated in sexual education, and sexual health (Planned Parenthood). While all seemingly good intentions, Planned Parenthood has been A topic of controversyRead MoreThe Supreme Court Case Roe V. Wade1417 Words   |  6 Pagesthen, 23 cases on women’s reproductive rights have been through the Supreme Court, five of which have directly involved Planned Parenthood as the petitioner or respondent. Each of these has posed some threat to Planned Parenthood’s ability to provide abortion and have had the potential to deal a serious blow to women’s reproductive rights as whole. Nonetheless, Planned Parenthood has persevered and retained their ability to provide a full range of reproductive services to women. However, the politicalRead MoreExamining the Issue of Planned Parenthood between Republicans and Democrats959 Words   |  4 Pagesnearly shut down because the Democrats and Republicans were struggling to agree upon, among other issues, what to do with Planned Parenthood. The Republicans wanted to stop federal funding for Planned Parenthood, which clearly shows â€Å"that they simply don’t care about the health and safety of American women (Planned Parenthood).† The Democrats strongly support Planned Parenthood and were not willing to accept the Republican’s proposal. However, the Republicans did not care whether a shut down couldRead MoreParenthood Is A Health Care Provider1730 Words   |  7 PagesPlanned Parenthood is a health care provider that focuses on supplying women and men of all ages and backgrounds with health care and sex education. This includes, but is not limited to, contraception, testing and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, screenings for cancers, sexual education courses, and, most notably, abortions. Planned Parenthood finds itself at the center of much controversy specifically for its role in terminating pregnancies, as well as providing students with sex educationRead MoreFunding Of Planned Parenthood And The Services1184 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"pros† or â€Å"argu ments for† that position? The topic I chose to research was the funding of Planned Parenthood, and the services they provide. One of the positions on this topic was to defund Planned Parenthood. The article, by Sarah Torre, Congress Should End Federal Funding to Planned Parenthood and Redirect It Toward Other Health Care Options discusses the idea that PP should not receive any government funding to its clinics. A main argument established by Torre is that the flow of federal taxRead MoreParenthood Is Affordable, The United States Department Of Health, Education, And Welfare1025 Words   |  5 PagesMany men and women in America don’t have insurance or simply cannot afford health care. Planned Parenthood does have professional doctors who specialized in many reproductive health services. Planned Parenthood is affordable, the program takes a patient whether they have insurance or not, not only that, they charge you by how much income you make. Low income Americans have access to these services too. â⠂¬Å"The United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, for example, created a federalRead MorePlanned Parenthood : Parenthood, Family Planning, And Reproductive Problems1020 Words   |  5 PagesAs you may have heard, Planned Parenthood is what the government officials are talking about recently. The Republicans want to take away the government funding for Planned Parenthood. Planned Parenthood is an organization that does scientific research and offers advice on contraception, family planning, and reproductive problems. Currently, the government funds the organization with the tax payer’s dollars. (Planned Parenthood at a Glance, 2014.) I am going to explain the history of the problem,

Formal and Informal Communication an Organizational Approach Free Essays

Formal and Informal Communication: An Organizational Approach By: Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number: 43005860 Faculty of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 Abstract This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and informal communication and its usage in organizational approach. Although both formal and informal communication support the well-Â ­being of organizations, studies suggest that informal communication has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived many benefits and many challenges. Managers should know how to deal ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the company and overcome the obstacles it might create. We will write a custom essay sample on Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many researches have studied and given results on this matter and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in life, from personal to professional issues. It is inevitable that it supports the flow of social life and company’s workflow. It has been taking an important role in organizations; therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational communication. It is believed that both formal and informal communication affect rganization’s productivity (Litterst Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, informal communication is less controllable and unstructured. Informal communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 APPROACH Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational performance, managers should be able to manage t he flow of not only formal, but also informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving within the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most effective use of every resource available and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealing with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to convey messages through different channels, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links people together and creates relationship. In order to create a successful communication, t requires three elements; they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understanding so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by Gamble and Gamble (2002), communication is the transfer of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, channels, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an exchange of information. Ruben Stewart (2006) also stated that success in one’s career may well depend on communication. Not only in the individual performance, communication also determines organization’s performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. Upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow of communication within the same level of company, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in another division. The types of formal communication within an organization that are commonly used are meetings, conference, phone calls, company bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can find similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, casual and spread through word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individuals and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011). There are four flows in communication networks; the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is gossip hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probabili ty chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to someone else and the fourth one is the cluster chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine: it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-Â ­? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Flexibility Degree of control Evidence Discipline Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary proof is not followed formal chan nels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline Flow of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987), differentiation of labor and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Meanwhile, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH Speed Secrecy Rumor Distortion Time Misunderstanding Cost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive Very low Very fast Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted Less time occur Less expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstanding may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives: salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving company’s mission. However, in terms of cultural means, formal communication is perceived as a more appropriate way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and pre ferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company employed more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this company’s existence. However, this company concerns about its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth on the culture of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to working for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research of Andrea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral water and soft drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-Â ­? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its competitor was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnover was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the process of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is tracing the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communication improved over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested t hat formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on various objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be concluded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communicati on can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good values of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C Romando, P 2011, ‘Case study: understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integration’, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-Â ­? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, ‘Formal and informal communication channels in creating How to cite Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach, Essay examples

Formal and Informal Communication an Organizational Approach Free Essays

Formal and Informal Communication: An Organizational Approach By: Masayu Shahnaz Winarko Student Number: 43005860 Faculty of Economics, Business and Law University of Queensland Brisbane, Queensland, Australia 2012 Abstract This paper concentrates on the discussion of formal and informal communication and its usage in organizational approach. Although both formal and informal communication support the well-Â ­being of organizations, studies suggest that informal communication has taken a big part in determining the productivity in organizations and it has derived many benefits and many challenges. Managers should know how to deal ith such thing and optimize the advantages that will create value added for the company and overcome the obstacles it might create. We will write a custom essay sample on Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many researches have studied and given results on this matter and its application in businesses worldwide. 1. Introduction Communication occurs in every single section in life, from personal to professional issues. It is inevitable that it supports the flow of social life and company’s workflow. It has been taking an important role in organizations; therefore, many studies concentrate in the discussion of organizational communication. It is believed that both formal and informal communication affect rganization’s productivity (Litterst Eyo). However, unlike formal communication, informal communication is less controllable and unstructured. Informal communication plays a strong role in determining the result of scientific field by generating new ideas or improving the existed idea (Hagstrom). FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 1 APPROACH Since informal communication has a strong impact on organizational performance, managers should be able to manage t he flow of not only formal, but also informal communication. As business grows and the requirements needed in surviving within the competition keep adding on, xecutives should make the most effective use of every resource available and by improving the flow of communication is one of the ways. This study will provide an analysis in dealing with managerial challenges regarding controlling the flow of informal communication and what managers should do to make the best of it. 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Communication Communication is the activity to convey messages through different channels, such as words, symbols and signs. Based on Duncan and Moriarty (1998), communication is a human activity that links people together and creates relationship. In order to create a successful communication, t requires three elements; they are the sender, the message and the receiver. Both the sender and the receiver have to share the same understanding so that the message can be fully transmitted. The success of communication is determined by how the message is understood by the receiver. As defined by Gamble and Gamble (2002), communication is the transfer of meaning and there are seven essentials of communication, which are people, message, channels, noise, context, feedback and effect. Although there are 126 different definitions on communication (Ruben Stewart, 2006), but many scholars defined it as an exchange of information. Ruben Stewart (2006) also stated that success in one’s career may well depend on communication. Not only in the individual performance, communication also determines organization’s performance. This present study will point out the importance of formal and informal communication and its applications within an organization. 2. 2 Formal Communication Formal communication is an organized and structured communication within an organization. The communication occurs in many flows. Upwards 2 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH communication indicates the communication from employees to executives. Downward ommunication represents the flow of communication from executives to lower level employees. Horizontal communication shows the flow of communication within the same level of company, for example the communication flow of brand manager and finance manager. The last one is diagonal communication, which represents the communication of the upper level of a particular division with the lower level employees in another division. The types of formal communication within an organization that are commonly used are meetings, conference, phone calls, company bulletin and interview. 2. 3 Informal Communication Informal communication is nevitable in every organizational entity. By communicating with other people, employees can find similarity in hobbies, opinions and experiences, which result in being friends. Informal communication is based on social relationship among people (Litterst Eyo, 1982). Informal communication is relaxed, casual and spread through word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth. Informal networks are communication links between individuals and sections that bypass the formal structures in an organization (Smith, 2011). There are four flows in communication networks; the first one is single strand in which one person tells another person, the second one is gossip hain in which one person tells the others, the third one is probabili ty chain in which one person tells another person who pass the news to someone else and the fourth one is the cluster chain in which one person tells other two or three people who spread the news to other two or three people as well. There is another important term in informal communication, which is grapevine. Grapevine is best described as the way gossip travels through organizations. Robbins and colleagues (2008) indicate the characteristics of grapevine: it is not controlled by management, it is more believable and reliable for the employees and it serves he self-Â ­? interests of those in the group. 2. 4 Differences between Formal and Informal Communication FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 3 APPROACH No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Elements Definition Flexibility Degree of control Evidence Discipline Formal Communication Informal Communication Takes place through Passing formal channels Flexible by Cannot be controlled No documentary proof is not followed formal chan nels Not flexible Controlled management Has documentary proof Official discipline are highly maintained is Discipline Flow of information Flows upwards, Flows freely to all downwards, horizontal directions and iagonal 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 2. 5 Differentiation and Complimentary Studies have attempted to determine which one between formal and informal communication has the most impact in organizations. Research suggest that formal communication takes role in the authority in organizational hierarchy (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987), differentiation of labor and specialized tasks (Dow, 1988; Jablin, 1987) and mechanism for coordination of work (Dow, 1988). Meanwhile, business communicators strongly believe that informal 4 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH Speed Secrecy Rumor Distortion Time Misunderstanding Cost Mistakes Slow Can be maintained occur Not distorted Requires much time misunderstanding Expensive Very low Very fast Difficult to maintain Small chance of rumor to Rumor can occur Can be distorted Less time occur Less expensive Very high Not much chance of Misunderstanding may communication plays an important role in increasing innovations within organizations (Johnson, 1990). Johnson, Donohue, Atkin and Johnson (1994) conducted a study on the means of formal and informal communication within an organization through three main perspectives: salience, channel factors and channel usage. The research suggested that the employees erceive informal communication as more effective and better used in achieving company’s mission. However, in terms of cultural means, formal communication is perceived as a more appropriate way to communicate. 3. Case Study First and Tomic (2011) conducted a research regarding the role of informal communication in creating company brand image and pre ferences. In this research, the object was an international turnkey contractor specializing in oil and gas industry. This company employed more than 38,000 employees all over the world at the time this research was conducted. This company operates in business market, so not many eople acknowledge this company’s existence. However, this company concerns about its brand image. They use formal approach in spreading its existence to college graduates by coming to the university and do presentations on its company profile. Nevertheless, formal communication only does so much. They also rely heavily on informal communication role to spread the word-Â ­? of-Â ­? mouth on the culture of the company. For example, people know from their acquaintances that this company gives high salary to their employees and this news draws them to working for this company. The second example of case study comes from the research of Andrea, Arnaldo and Romano (2011). The case was about Italian leading mineral water and soft drink company. In 2008, the company held 16% of the segment mineral water in Italy, 12% in soft drink and 19% in tea-Â ­? based drink. Its ROE was 18. 1% while its competitor was only 13. 8%. Its inventory turnover was 12. 6 compared to its major competitor whose inventory turnover was only 6. 15. The study focuses on determining the role of formal and informal communication in making this FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL 5 APPROACH company a leader in its filed. The study was conducted in three steps. The first one is dentifying the units that engage in the process of purchasing, manufacturing and logistics. The second step is tracing the flow of formal and informal communication during those activities. The final step is to identify how both formal and informal communication improved over time that results in a synchronized workflow of the company. The study suggested t hat formal communication was highly important in achieving internal integration (Andrea, Arnaldo Romano, 2011), while informal communication is important in problem solving because it occurs in real time (Pagell). 4. Conclusion Based on the present and former studies conducted y many scholars on various objects (focuses on organizations in this matter), it can be concluded that both formal and informal communication are important in the productivity of the company and its performance as a whole. Managers should identify in which field the communication should be optimized and which way to use. There are several differentiations in the work progress on which it is better to use either formal or informal communication and managers should be well aware of it so they would not imply the wrong method of communication. As in optimizing the informal communication, managers should use personal approach as it ravels fast and is more favorable by the employees. Moreover, informal communicati on can be used in building company brand and image, so managers should be really careful that only the good values of the company is transmitted through informal communication. 6 FORMAL AND INFORMAL COMMUNICATION: AN ORGANIZATIONAL APPROACH References Andrea, F, Arnaldo, C Romando, P 2011, ‘Case study: understanding how formal and informal communication affect purchasing, manufacturing and logistics integration’, Advances In Management, vol. 4, no. 7, pp. 22-Â ­? 32. First, I, Tomic, M 2011, ‘Formal and informal communication channels in creating How to cite Formal and Informal Communication: an Organizational Approach, Essay examples

Battered Praise free essay sample

Kneel on a worn leather cushion, ease into a creaky wooden pew, and stand on tired but restless legs. For what? Even with all of my praise, all God did was throw me onto the corner ropes of the ring and deliver a sharp jab with the left, then the right, right again, and finally a roundhouse kick that shouldve stopped all of the pain but never did. God didnt deliver the real blows, he let a swaggering drunk do his work for him, also known as my stepfather. From the time I was four, I carried around fresh pink, swollen welts and indigo-violet bruises blooming quickly beneath my delicate skin. While other little girls neat hair was pinned back to reveal a bright, shiny face and toothy grin, my jagged homemade haircut hung to hide the new fleshy welt on my cheek. I firmly believed God had let this happen. We will write a custom essay sample on Battered Praise or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I never questioned the reality of God, but I questioned his righteousness. I existed to God as a punching bag. I blamed the ever-so-righteous God for all of my problems. I blamed him for the hot tears that streamed from my cerulean blue eyes, for the crippling nightmares that plagued my nights, and for the screams of my brothers that rang through the hollow halls of that broken house. God never seemed to hear my desperate prayers each night or my withered cries of pain as Warren repeatedly smacked my tiny body with a wooden spoon, or an aluminum baseball bat, or even the time he broke a glass plate over my head. The loud sound of breaking glass must have drowned my pleas. I was all alone in my suffering. It took eight long years to finally be rid of the brutal man who beat my body, crushed my hopes and dreams, and demolished my self esteem. Thats 2,920 days of endless tears, 70,080 hours of countless bruises, 4,204,800 minutes of praying for salvation, and 252,288,000 seconds of pur e hatred toward God and toward myself. Then one day it ended. Warren had thrown a swing at my mother and hit her square in the jaw. The police showed up for the hundredth time, but this time I left in my dads car with my three brothers, my mom left in an ambulance, and Warren left in handcuffs. Since that day six years ago I have lived with my wonderful father and stepmother. They strive to give me every opportunity to help me create the life I have chosen. Im growing to appreciate the person I am. My stare pierces the girl looking back at me from the mirror, and I still see a broken, terrified child cowering behind two miniscule hands. I see something else in that same reflection, I see a strong, independent woman who loves friends, family and life passionately throughout every moment of the day. A woman running toward a shining future. Now there are times where I see every flaw in myself, but who doesnt? Im human. Im allowed to have imperfections. Ive grown to trust God and to believe he is an ever-loving God. He wasnt torturing me, he was building me into the original, gorgeous, tenacious woman I am today.

Analysis of Research Paper free essay sample

Gloria Vandello May 12, 2013 How are statistics used in your workplace? Statistics are used in the entire hospital, where I work. Before taking this class I didn’t gave it much thought of just how much statistics are being used in every floor. I guess I always believed that the word â€Å"statistics† was mainly used in the research department and that is where it should stay since it didn’t seem interesting enough to study. Now that I’m taking this class statistics seem to be all over my work place, just on my floor alone posters of statistical data are becoming more visible to me. The poster on infection control for MRSA for example asks the question is our floor doing on testing patients when they are admitted and again when they are discharged home is showing how we are doing and how many more needs need to get done from all of us who work there to keep this nasty bug from our patients. We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What is one example of descriptive statistics used in your workplace? I work in a busy post-surgical floor most times when our surgical patients come to our floor they are in very much pain. Depending on the type of surgery and individual how hard is to transfer them to the bed. Recently our hospital went in to the no lifting process, since we were having many people getting hurt and either work on light duty or not at all. Our Hospital spend a lot of money in making sure it is now a no lifting place; and yes it sounds very nice so there is now a study being done on prevention on work place injuries sounds great, but the problem is that to use the different equipment requires at least two individuals to operate except most days we are short staff and that was one major contributor to getting hurt. What is one example of inferential statistics used in your workplace? Inferential Statistics is used in my surgical floor in many ways such as when Doctors order a narcotic medication for a post op individual thinking that because is usually the drug of choice it will work, however every individual is different and for is that this particular drug may not be the choice drug, since statistical Inference is the process of drawing conclusions and can be subject to random variations. How is data at each of the four levels of measurement used in your workplace? If your workplace does not use all four levels, describe how such data could be used? In my workplace we are using statistics every time we are caring for our patients one example is such when we take their vital signs to get a baseline while taking the temperature of twenty patients and knowing that 98. 6 is the normal temperature by already doing this we are using Inferential Statistics without even knowing and when done with the vital signs and doing an average number within all twenty of the patients the descriptive statistics is used, I guess I been a nurse for many years and have utilize statistics in many ways but never stop to think that without even knowing I very much been utilizing stats to find answers. Since my hospital does a lot of Kidney Transplants, we who care for them must know how to care for them what to watch for, and what to expect after surgery sometimes after receiving the new kidney some patients remain going to Dialysis until the new kidney is accepted by their body in this cases for this patients is very important to check their weight daily, their urine output is very important to keep accurate output, their vitals are equally important, their labs such as potassium and creatnine since if not able to keep the creatnine at a good level it well damage the new kidney this information reminds me of the â€Å"bell shaped† distribution. What are the advantages of accurate interpretation of statistical information to improve decision making in your organization? There are too many to list, since my workplace is a Hospital and every life is equally important so being able to understand and have confidence that after making whatever decision will always be for the ben efit of the patient.

Essays on Plato and Aristotle

Essays on Plato and Aristotle Essays on Plato and Aristotle Essays on Plato and AristotleThe name of Aristotle is for many generations associated with great ideas and contribution into metaphysical, political, ethical views in the field of philosophy, as well as biology, botany, mathematics, medicine and agriculture. He was one of Plato’s students, who however finally rejected his theory of forms and was considered by most researchers more empirically-minded than Plato and his teacher – Socrates. Aristotle introduced new ideas into the most of spheres of life, which he worked with. In total this philosopher produced around 200 treatises, out of which only 31 were saved for future generations. Mostly, these were lectures, some drafts, notes, manuscripts, which are said to lack the general prose style, used by Aristotle. A great contribution he maid into the sphere of mathematics and biology, moreover some of the classifications, he suggested, are in use till nowadays.   Further in this paper we are going to study the key views of Aristotle in the fields of metaphysics, ethics, politics, epistemology in comparison to other his contemporaries and philosophers.The name metaphysics was given to the works of Aristotle on first philosophy. Aristotle treats philosophy starting from its historical appearance, according to him, it developed as soon as all the basic human needs were secured. Religion could answer all the life questions of an individual only partially, and thus the constant feelings of curiosity provided a good ground for the development of the philosophical views and ideas. Socrates is considered to be one of the first philosophers, contributing to â€Å"the expression of general conceptions in the form of definitions, which he arrived at by induction and analogy† (Ackrill, 1997). Aristotle in his turn understood metaphysics, as the combination of the first principles of scientific knowledge, the unique condition for the whole existing world. For his metaphysics deals directly with being as being, involving at the same time all the attributes to the process of being. This means, that for example in mathematics the being is described with the help of lines and angles, in reality existence is not included as it is in itself. The character of metaphysics is rather universal, that is why it is often compared to sophistry or dialectics. The key difference between metaphysics and dialectics is in its preliminary character; from sophistry it differs due to non-consideration of reality for formulating the basis of knowledge. According to Aristotle there are a lot of universal truths. â€Å"Against the followers of Heraclitus and Protagoras, Aristotle defends both the laws of contradiction, and that of excluded middle. He does this by showing that their denial is suicidal. Carried out to its logical consequences, the denial of these laws would lead to the sameness of all facts and all assertions. It would also result in indifference in conduct† (Adler, 1978). The main qu estion, asked in the metaphysics of Aristotle is the following – what is understood under the actual substance? Plato stated that the universal element of knowledge and existence are the corresponding forms which remain permanent, when the senses change. Aristotle didn’t agree with this position. He argued that forms do not have the necessary power to explain what changes happen to things. Neither could they be responsible for realization, of how people come to certain knowledge about some special things. The last weak point of this theory Aristotle found in the lack of special forms for explaining our knowledge about art and its objects. Aristotle could not agree with the existence of some abstract forms, as he understood the form rather inside the phenomena of sense; the real being as a concrete thing, and not an abstract form.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"In the Metaphysics, though, it frequently inclines towards realism (that is, substance has a real existence in itself)† (Adl er, 1978). He used causes in order to explain the relations between one and many, which seemed so difficult for most philosophers before. According to him there are four causes â€Å"Material cause, or the elements  out of which an object is created; Efficient cause, or the means  by which it is created; Formal cause, or the expression of  what it is; Final cause, or the end  for which it is† (Adler, 1978). Aristotle really managed to treat the problems of metaphysics deeper than his teacher, introducing a number of interesting ideas and approaches.The aim of the Aristotle’s philosophy was the universal, the same like by his teacher – Plato. But the difference was that he found the universal in special things, he referred to it as essence of things; for Plato the universal was not included into the particular things, but building a separate prototype. Epistemology of Aristotle is guided by the study of particular things and then coming to the knowledge o f essences. â€Å"For Aristotle, form still refers to the unconditional basis of phenomena but is instantiated in a particular substance (see Universals and particulars, below). In a certain sense, Aristotles method is both inductive and deductive, while Platos is essentially deductive from a priori principles† (Ackrill, 1997).Aristotle introduced the notion â€Å"natural philosophy† as a branch of philosophy, conducting studies of natural world and its phenomena; nowadays these are such disciplines as biology or physics and so on. Nowadays however the studies of natural world are not related to philosophy, which is actually occupied with such issues as ethics, logic, metaphysics. Aristotle made a clear difference between â€Å"science† and â€Å"scientific method†, as for him â€Å"all science (dianoia) is either practical, poetical or theoretical (Ackrill, 1997). By practical science, he means ethics and politics; by poetical science, he means the stud y of poetry and the other fine arts; by theoretical science, he means physics, mathematics and metaphysics† (Adler, 1978). Aristotle paid a great attention to studies of the objects of natural world, science. His contributions to mathematics were not considerable enough in comparison to his researches in the fields of zoology, botany, chemistry, astronomy.Aristotle studied the issues of ethics, viewing it as a try to find out the highest good. This main end is usually referred to as happiness. Happiness is related to some personal experience, which causes immediate controversy to the theory of Plato of self-existing good. The good should be practical, present in the lives of individuals. It can not be substituted with vegetative life, the one which plants have, neither with the sensitive life of animals. â€Å"It follows therefore that true happiness lies in the active life of a rational being or in a perfect realization and outworking of the true soul and self, continued thr oughout a lifetime† (Ackrill, 1997).Essays on Plato and Aristotle part 2

Freedom of Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Freedom of Speech - Essay Example The victims of fighting words are usually silenced by their relative powerless position in society. A common presumption that is usually made by the fighting words doctrine is that an encounter between two individuals that relatively have equal degrees of power will generally result in violence. Boss (2009), points out that freedom of speech is often described as being a liberal right; in this regard we all have an innate right to express all of our opinions without having to face any interference or inhibition from other people or the government (Paikin, 2014). However, Boss (2009) cautions that not all forms of verbal expression can be considered to be speech and similarly to most of the other liberty rights,freedom of speech is considered as not being an absolute right. All societies place limits on speech with the objective of preventing the occurrence of civil disorder and violence which in turn helps society in protecting its citizens against harassment, threats and fraud. The government can largely be considered as acting in an heteronomous manner when it moves to curtail the people’s freedom of speech. This is because there are now wide ranging concerns over how the government exercises censorship. The notion of censorship has traditionally been based on the assumption that the government and people in positions of authority have access to the truth and as such are well placed to make final decisions as to what exactly should be considered to be good and right. However, this authority has in recent years come under heavy criticism as a result of the fact that as a result of some perceived heteronomy on the part of the government. An example of this is the formulation and implementation of the Patriot Act. The Patriot Act makes it legal for law enforcement officials to now be able to search people’s bookstore and library records in

Economic Analysis-India Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economic Analysis-India - Essay Example Security is one factor that affects trade and business across the world. India, being a democracy with a stable government and political system, has an environment suitable for conducting every kind of legal business – the fashion industry being no exception. Nationals in this country therefore retain the right of choice and are not restricted from selling or wearing any type, kind or brand of decent clothing. Further, the country’s security is generally above board with cases of insecurity both in towns and rural areas remaining significantly low. This stable condition has seen businesses across the country actively grow with economic factors of demand and supply playing significant roles in trade. India is known to be a major producer and exporter of agricultural products including jute, sheep, goats, sugarcane, potatoes; oilseed, cotton, tea, rice, water buffalo, poultry; fish, cattle, and wheat. The country further thrives on handicrafts, and numerous modern service and production industries which provide income to the majority of working citizens. Also, economically, the country ranks fifth by purchasing power and twelfth by exchange rate compared to the rest of the world. This being the condition, it is notable that food as a basic need is quite affordable to the majority of India’s nationals and the cost of living is generally low. As a result, most citizens are able to purchase part of their income to purchase decent clothing for themselves. Energy is a major factor that affects business. India has the capacity to produce enough electricity and oil products for export. In fact, India’s electricity sector and infrastructural industries have always experienced reasonable growth which significantly impacts trade in all sectors of the economy. This means could be taken to imply that the energy needed for

Relationship Between Marketing and Consumer Demand

Relationship Between Marketing and Consumer Demand From the past decades to the new 21st century, the global economy had grown vastly over the years and the organisations had come to a realization of the importance of customer demands and the need for marketing. For most of the companies, their main objective was to make a certain amount of profit. Profit can be earned by satisfying the customers’ need through the use of marketing philosophies. Hence, customer value is an essential component for marketers to examine through the process of producing a product/outcome. In order to understand marketing and consumer demand, we will have to first elaborate the concept of what is marketing and look at the customer values. And the remaining essay would elucidate the relationship between the two. No matter in what type of industries or how large were the organisations, the company would have a certain amount of skill in marketing. So, what is marketing? Most of the people may picture a salesman straight away as they believe marketing were equivalent to the word ‘selling’. However, selling was only one of the several functions of marketing. â€Å"Marketing is the activity, set of institution, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.† (AMA, 2013) The first part of the definition, ‘activity, set of institution, and processes’ recognizes the broad scope of marketing. It indicates the roles/functions that need to be performed by marketers such as perform market researches and choosing target markets. The second part of the definition is ‘creating, communicating, delivering’. This suggests that marketing is to get the right goods and services to the right people at the right place at the right time at the right price (Elliott, Greg, Thiele Waller, 2012, ). This part of the definition included the creation and the delivery process of marketing. The third part of the definition ‘exchanging offerings that have value’ includes the process satisfying customers’ needs and wants through exchange which is one of the ways for individuals to get what they desired by offering certain things that the other party desired. For instance, money or other products. The last part of the definition â⠂¬Ëœcustomers, clients, partners, and society at large’ outlines the beneficiaries of the process of marketing. The benefits were not only received by the organisations and the consumers, the suppliers and the society can also gain benefits from marketing. The society can be benefited from marketing as marketing creates employments and society welfares and wealth as more people are spending and thus indirectly speeds up the GDP. Marketers have to perform functions such as identify the need, development of the product, pricing, distributing and promoting the product. Their main aim is to make selling superfluous. (Kotler Philip, 1983, p. 4) Apart from the definition, marketing can also be examined from the five philosophies of marketing. The production philosophy assumes the consumer would favor in the product and the main aim is to improve the efficiency of both production and distribution. The product philosophy looks at the quality of the product while assuming the consumers would favor the product. The selling philosophy involves organisations stimulate customer’s interests. The marketing philosophy questions the organisation, whether they did satisfy the customer’s needs efficiently and effectively or not compared with their competitors. And lastly, the societal marketing philosophy considers whether the organisation enhanced the consumer’s and the society’s well-being based on the marketing philosophy. For a product such as the Membership to Zoos Victoria, the marketers would have done market researches and targeted the membership to families and children as they had packaged a lot of benefits for children or family. For instance, there are 15% discounts from the stores in the zoo. Membership to Zoos Victoria also creates and deliver the good at the right time and right place, the product can be brought from online or at the zoo and even if the consumers purchased the membership after the visit to the zoo, they could get refunds for the ticket money. As mentioned in the previous, the zoo’s main target is family and children, as the kids can satisfy themselves while they visit the animals, the exchange was proceeded as the consumers, parents/families does gain happiness within the tour. Before we discuss about the customer value, I believe it is essential for us to understand value. Value is the worth, desirability or utility (Grà ¶nroos, C., 1997). On the other hand, customer Value is the difference between the benefits a customer sees from a market offering and the costs of obtaining those benefits (Quester, P., 2007). By all means, in order to make customers receive the benefits, they would have to give up certain things for the exchange of the product. In decree to get better acknowledged about the customer value, we can apply the diagram beneath. Functional/instrumental value is concerned with the products usability; the products unique characteristics and its desired function. This value is basically generated by the purchase and use of the product. Under the functional value, there are three main areas the correct attributes, appropriate performances and outcome. The correct attributes concerns with the characteristics a product has as consumers would prefer to buy a product that has the most suitable characteristics that they desired. Appropriate performances look at the quality of the product. So, the customer would be satisfied if the product is able to perform as well as it was appeared in its description. Lastly, the appropriate outcome considers whether the product reaches the outcomes that the consumer demanded. The experiential/hedonic value looks at the products ability in creating experiences, feelings and emotions of its users. For this value, there are four parts to it sensory, emotional, social/relational and epistemic. Some retailers focus on sensory value (such as aesthetes, ambulance, aromas, feel/tone) (Smith Mark, C., 2007). The third beneficial value is the symbolic/expressive value. This value is concerned with the extent to which the product gave its user a certain degree of self-worth or self-value. It is also a value that connects with personal meanings of the product to particular consumers. The social meanings of how the others think about you and conditional meanings such as Valentines rose or the dumplings that we have for Chinese New Year Festival. In order to have the benefits, customers also has cost/sacrifice values. This can be economic losses, risks associated with the product, personal investments and psychological losses. So, by knowing the customers concerns or hold back in the process of purchasing a product, the marketers would look at the costs and tries to minimize the costs so products can be sold more efficiently. For the Victoria zoos, its product: the mem bership of zoos Victoria has complied with the four values. The product does provide services/tours for its members and it has appropriate performance and outcomes (functional values). Furthermore, the membership also blends in with emotional, relational and epistemic values as the members can both enjoy the tour and learn knowledge about the zoo animals at the same time. It also helps to enhance the relationships between the consumers (families). It gave its consumers the experience to have a close interactions with the animals. The membership contains symbolic values as it carries out personal and social meanings. On the membership website, the campaign was focused on children or family relationship and it also mentioned about the fees for membership would be used for saving extinction animals. This would make the consumers of the zoo appears to be morally respectful to the society as they are indirectly helping/saving animals. Marketing and customer value has a close relationship. Customers are the core of marketing as the consumers would only buy products that they strongly desired. Thus, in order for the company to be successful, organisations would have to be customer orientated. Before organisations produce their product, a certain amount of market research would be made and these researches would have focused on the consumer needs. As more and more businesses had opened locally and globally, each organisation faces with a greater extent of competitions, no matter in quality, price or service. This growing fierce competition had led organisations to put strong emphasis on customer value and their needs. Therefore, when companies creating their product, they would put consumers values into the consideration so their product can outweigh the competitors’ products. The same concept was also adopted by the Victoria zoo, in their product, the membership to zoos Victoria. Consumers are able to receive benefits from the exchange process as their values being fulfilled by the product. For instance, members can visit new exhibits prior to the non-members, customers and there are 15% discounts for any purchase at the zoo stores. The consumer can also receive benefits such as the freedom to visit all the zoos in Victoria and there are special name cards for individual kids. These characteristics would satisfy most of the customers as they would feel being welcomed and well considered by the zoo. The zoo’s welcome letter also addresses themselves as a family, which would made consumers to felt being a part of a family. Overall, the membership of zoo Victoria is a successful product as its advertisement campaign was very well presented, there are considerations for the customer values and it adopts the marketing philosophies well through the product. For the purposes of gaining more consumers, the organisations must have a strong understanding in marketing, both as its definition and its five philosophies and in the concept of customer value. When marketing and customer values are being understood by companies, the organisation, customers and the society can all gain benefits from it as businesses can earn more profit, customers can enjoy their life by using the product and the society can gain benefits through the interactions between the two parties. Reference List America Marketing Association – AMA. (2013) Definition of Marketing. Retrieved from https://www.ama.org/AboutAMA/Pages/Definition-of-Marketing.aspx Elliott, Greg, Sharyn Thiele, and David Waller. Marketing. 2nd Ed. (pp. ) Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia, 2012 Kotler, Philip. Marketing and Human Needs. Marketing in Australia. (pp. 4) New York: Prentice-Hall, 1983 Grà ¶nroos, C. (1997), â€Å"Value-Driven Relationship Marketing: From Products to Resources and Competencies,† Journal of Marketing Management, 13 (5), 407–419. J. Brock, S., Mark, C. (2007) Customer value creation: a practical framework. Associate Professor of Service Management, Faculty of Business, University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Quester, Pascale G.. Chapter One. Marketing: creating and delivering value. 5th Ed. (pp. ) North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd., 2007. Smith and Colgate. (2007) Customer value creation: a practical framework, Journal of Marketing Theories and Practices. Vol 15, No. 1, pp 7-23

Michael Smyth vs. Pillsbury Company. Essay

STYLE: Michael Smyth vs. Pillsbury Company. COURT: United States District Court of Pennsylvania. CITATION: 914 F. Supp. 97; 1996 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 776; 131 Lab. Cas. (CCH) P58, 104; 11 I.E.R. Cas. (BNA) 585. ISSUE: Can an employer be accused of violating public policy, tortuously invading privacy and subsequently be estopped from firing or discharging an at will employee, if for the purpose of company’s interest, it monitor an employee’s email communications over the company’s email system just to find them contrary to company’s interest? FACTS: Plaintiff, a manager at defendant’s company had work email account with access from home. Plaintiff was assured by defendant that email communication is private and confidential with no messages being intercepted and used employment termination. Plaintiff in reliance to promise to its detriment used work email system to make threatening email comments with supervisor was intercepted and employment was terminated. Court ruled in favor of Defendant as it was not evident if termination threatened or violated a clear mandate of public policy or Plaintiff’s common law right to privacy. HOLDING: An employer cannot be accused for violating public policy, privacy and/or discharging an employee according to restatement definition of tort of intrusion upon seclusion. LAW: Restatement (Second) of Torts  § 652B: Liability only attaches when the â€Å"intrusion is substantial and would be highly offensive to the ‘ordinary. â€Å"Unless an employee identifies a ‘specific’ expression of public policy violated by his discharge, it will not be labelled as wrongful and within the sphere of public policy†. EXPLANATION: The clear mandate of public policy must strike at the heart of a citizen’s social right, duties and responsibilities. Plaintiff was not fired for serving on jury duty, for prior conviction or for reporting violation of federal regulations to NRC. Plaintiff’s alleged unprofessional communication over email system utilized by entire company diminishes expectation of privacy. Plaintiff was not asked to disclose personal information by defendant. JUDGEMENT: The motion of the defendant to dismiss was granted. The complaint was dismissed with prejudice

Problems faced by women Essay

            Human Resources in the Recession: Managing and Representing People at Work in Ireland; William K Roche, Paul Teague, Anne Coughlan, Majella Fahy. The effects of the Irish recession on the manner in which people are managed at work and on how they are represented by trade unions is the subject of this study. This study examines how human resource managers and unions (where they are found) have faced the challenges. First of all, the impact of the international financial and economic crisis on the Irish labor market is assessed. Then, the Irish economic crisis is placed in a comparative European context to get a sense of the extent to which the public policy response in Ireland has been similar to those pursued by other EU member states. After this assessment a detailed literature review is conducted on reviews and debates concerning the impact of recessions, past and present, on the conduct of human resources in organizations. This is followed by a detailed examina tion of the type of policies and practices that are available to HR when making adjustments to difficult business conditions. The research has used a survey conducted of managers with responsibility for human resources to assess their responses to the recession. The survey firstly sought to examine the impact of the recession on firms in terms of revenue and employment change, in order to establish the commercial context for any recessionary measures adopted. The subjects of examination are then the types and incidence of measures taken by firms, ranging from pay and headcount adjustments, changes in HR systems and functions, to changes in working time arrangements. The responses of the firms reflect the severe effects and challenges experienced by the survey respondents. This is followed by an investigation into the role of the HR function in the recession. The section explores whether the operation of HR has changed as a result of the recession, the function’s level of infl uence in terms of HR strategy formulation and implementation, the business role of HR, the level of engagement with employees, types of policies and practices that have received greater or lesser attention and relationships with trade unions. Finally, the HR practices that survey respondents considered to be most effective in helping them manage the recession are investigated. Examination of the effects of the recession, as experienced by thirty HR  managers, representing a wide range of businesses, who participated in the different focus groups is entailed. It reviews, in detail, the effects on HR of acute cost, headcount and productivity pressures and the range of retrenchment measures that they were required to put in place. The research then examines HR managers’ understanding of what constitutes ‘good human resource practice’ in recent and current recessionary conditions. The main HR practices that were identified in the literature include – wage ad justment; employment adjustment; re-organization of working time; workforce stabilization; employability; voice and engagement; and process or product innovation. By and large, while most of the measures adopted were aimed at reducing pay costs in one way or another, Irish firms have been quite diverse with respect to the range of measures that have been implemented to steer their way through the recession. The survey results also show that HR mangers have been steadfast with regard to implementing the ‘softer’ side of HR practices.             Impact of the Recession on the Labor Market in the South East; Annette Cox, Terence Hogarth, Thomas Usher, David Owen, Freddie Sumption, Joy Oakley. This study focused on analyzing the impact of economic downturn on skills needs and training practices within different sectors in the South East, focusing on a mixture of sectors which were seriously affected by recession and those which might lead the recovery. The research consisted of two phases: the first involving quantitative analysis and literature review, and the second involving qualitative analysis of interviews conducted with stakeholders and employers. The research concluded that the Impact of Recession on Employers’ Current and Future Skills Needs and Training Practices is conditional. Small organizations are reported to be more likely to reduce training investment than large firms and commitment to training varies by sector, There is an increased demand for ‘short and sharp’ courses, Training opportunities are being targeted at senior staff and trainees, Employers are receiving high numbers of applications and using tighter screening criteria and Multi-skilling needs are developing as a result of expansion or contraction of business.             The impact of the economic recession on hR; Talent 2 and Ipsos MORI This study is based on a survey. Senior HR professionals were asked about how the global recession is affecting their organizations and their people management strategies and practices. 200 senior HR Directors and VPs were invited to participate in the survey, and 73 completed it. The findings of the survey were that HR is greatly affected by recession in the economy. Three in five respondents felt that the current capital markets had a direct impact on their organization, with three- quarters also feeling they have a direct impact on HR. Similarly, the vast majority of organizations (95%) were either freezing, or decreasing, their annual HR budget, in areas such as training and development, external training, the use of external consultants, recruitment and HR systems. Evidence suggests this is likely to be the case regardless of what the predicted financial performance is for their organization. The top three priorities selected were Performance management; Leadership and management development; and Employee communication and engagement.             The Impact of the Recession on Employment-Based Health Coverage ; Paul Fronstin This article focuses on the impact of the recession on employment-based health coverage. This Issue Brief examines changes in health coverage among workers during the recession that started in December 2007, including monthly changes for 2007 and May 2008−July 2009. The emphasis is on changes that occurred between September 2007 and April 2009. While health coverage through the work place is by far the most common source of health insurance among the population under age 65, the recession that started in December 2007 is associated with a change in employment- based coverage and the uninsured. Workers least likely to have employment-based coverage at the beginning of the recession were more likely than other workers to experience a decline in the percentage with such coverage one year later. Younger workers were more likely to lose coverage than older workers. Hispanic workers we re more likely to lose coverage than whites or blacks. Part-time workers were more likely than full-time workers to have lost employment-based coverage. The percentage of workers with own name employment-based coverage declined the most for those employed with  for-profit private- sector employers and those employed by the federal government. The largest declines in the percentage of workers with employment-based coverage in their own name by firm size occurred in the smallest firms, those least likely to offer coverage. Workers who were members of a union were less likely to have experienced a loss of employment- based coverage than were nonunion workers. Workers with the lowest earnings were the least likely to have employment-based coverage in their own name and experienced the largest decline in coverage.

America s Influence On North America - 1130 Words

SLO Essay By Levi Newton America has evolved greatly since the late 1800s in its aspects of industrialism, expansionism, progressivism, isolationism, and globalization. The industrial era brought on a rise of big businesses and new opportunities through railroad transportation, and has since then given us a country of strong corporation and an ever expanding possibility of transportation of people and goods, alike. The country fought to expand its property lines, communications, and government influence throughout the 1900s. Presently, the United States focuses more on, abandoning the previous idea of isolation to keep the country out of foreign affairs, and instead aiming for more worldwide involvement through successful attempts in globalization. Early industrialization was an excited concept for North America. It brought a long promise of new opportunity, big businesses, factories, and economic growth. The northern region got a head start in this development by jumping into founding larger factories and m onopolistic corporations, quickly drowning out the southern attempts at maintaining home grown farms and local companies by placing large taxes on farmers to transport the materials they needed to be successful via the new invention of the railroad, forcing them to take out bank loans which, in turn, drove them to bankruptcy. Present day America is booming with prosperous industries, regulations to prevent monopolies, and protection for farmers to ensureShow MoreRelatedEssay on Slavery In American History1430 Words   |  6 Pagesalso meaningful to the whole nation, because it exerted much influences on American society and economy. In this paper, I will firstly present a brief introduction about slaves in North American. Secondly, I ¡Ã‚ ¯d like to unfold a systematic picture of Abolition Movement. Finally, I will summarize this movement ¡Ã‚ ¯s influences on America from two aspects, economy and society. Then, I will come to conclusion of this paper. Slavery in North American The history of slavery can be traced back to a muchRead MoreCanadian-American Relations Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesCanadian and American relations. However In many ways we still help each other out. Canada benefits from close ties to the United States of America because it helps our economy, forms our culture, and they provide military protection. First of all, Canada benefits from close ties to America because it helps us with our economy. Back in the late 1950’s and 1960’s the opening of American branch plants were introduced to Canadians. American companies would come to Canada and open large American companiesRead MoreMany Connections Can Be Made Between The Jewish People932 Words   |  4 Pagespresent day. Both histories are able to be paralleled and influence their cultures differently. These influences contributed to a significant influence on the perception of God amongst their populations. We begin our comparison with the lineage of Abraham and their exodus from Egypt to the promised land of Canaan. This occurred between 1250 and 1020 BCE. The population as a whole left their slavery in Egypt in exchange for freedom. Similarly, America has been the home of the religious, social, economicRead MoreChristopher Columbus : A Dominant Figure1366 Words   |  6 Pagesthe history, because he explored America in the 15th century. It created relationships between the old world and the new world. With the exchange of animals, insects, and plants, population as well as cultures, the Columbian Exchange was created. (Boundless.com) Different kinds of resources were shared after the exploration of the New World, which definitely brought European countries benefits. As a result, increasing number of European colonies came to North America, trying to find new chances forRead MoreChanging Political Events : Mexico, Canada And The United States966 Words   |  4 Pagesproduced economi es with solid customs of liberal political and financial arrangements, while Mexico had not one or the other. After World War II, Mexico occupied with protectionism and import-substitution, instead of fare headed development. Mexico s approaches were proposed to make freedom from American authority and energize local industrialization through state and corporatist strategies. These strategies reverse discharges and by the 1980s Mexico had triple-digit expansion, retrogressive businessesRead MoreEssay On The Abolitionist Movement807 Words   |  4 PagesIn the time period between 1810 and the end of the 1840’s, The United States experienced a huge social change that impacted their development. These changes include the Temperance movement, the Abolitionist movement, the Second Awakening, trading and the start of the Industrial Revolution. With these events impacting social development, America developed a strong identity. The Second Awakening is a movement that begins in 1800. This movement had different movements that lead up to the â€Å"Awakening†Read MoreAmerican History : The Louisiana Purchase1554 Words   |  7 Pagesand from the Canadian borders in the north to the Mexican gulf in the south. The transaction to purchase Louisiana took place at a time when France, Spain, and Britain, were among the world powers of the time. In addition, they all had a stake in the US territory and specifically the crucial Mississippi river. The discussion in this paper will analyse the circumstances surrounding the purchase of Louisiana. It will also discuss the conditions that led America to purchase the Louisiana territory fromRead MoreWomen s Political Roles During The Nineteenth Century Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Political Roles during the Nineteenth Century in British North America Doris Trlin HIST 2500: Canadian History Instructor: Sean Kheraj Teaching Assistant: Sara Howdle October 20th, 2016 In the first half of the nineteenth century in British North America, women’s political roles differed from those of men. British North America was a European male-dominate patriarchy society in which women’s roles within society were limited. During the nineteenth century, menRead MoreChristopher Columbus : The United States And Charles C. Mann s 14911449 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"discovered† the Americas accidentally on his voyage to India. Students learn about the â€Å"Indians† that Columbus stumbled across and the cultivations that Columbus and his crew were able to accomplish on the new lands. Books tell of new resources, materials, and goods that made it all the way across the sea from Genoa, but students have not been introduced to the carryover of disease(s) that Columbus and his men effortlessly passed on to the Native Peoples, the inaccuracies of the pre-Columbian North AmericaRead MoreAssess the Significance of the Korean War in Relation to the Cold War1383 Words   |  6 PagesPaper No. 68 (NSC-68), which was said to be ‘a policy of calculated and gradual coercion’ whilst rejecting the ‘concept of isolation’, showing a large shift in America’s foreign policy due to its previous isolationist tendencies, instead letting America reinvent itself as a ‘superpower with a global reach.’ The Korean War was also important to NSC-68 in particular as it was the direct reason why it was able to go be implemented. In the political circumstances of the time, the policies of U.S